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2013 - Citywide Risks And Timescales
| Row number | City Name | Account No | Country | City Short Name | C40 | Reporting Year | Effects of Climate Change | Risk Level | Risk Timescale | Impact Description | City Location | Country Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 451 | Alcaldía Metropolitana de Caracas | 31159 | Venezuela | Caracas | C40 | 2013 | More intense droughts | Decreased availability of potable water by reducing the volume of water in reservoirs supplying the city, water rationing. | (10.4696404°, -66.8037185°) | (6.42375°, -66.58973°) | ||
| 452 | Abuja Federal Capital Territory | 36043 | Nigeria | Abuja | 2013 | Change in seasonality of rainfall | Serious | Current | Increase flooding | (9.066667°, 7.483333°) | (9.081999°, 8.675277°) | |
| 453 | Addis Ababa City Administration | 31146 | Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | C40 | 2013 | Increased urban heat island effect | Serious | Medium-term | human health, discomfort in workforce and during night sleeping. | (8.9806034°, 38.7577605°) | (9.145°, 40.489673°) |
| 454 | Addis Ababa City Administration | 31146 | Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | C40 | 2013 | Reduced average annual rainfall | Extremely serious | Long-term | Water supply shortage from dams, energy supply shortage from hydropower, agricultural products shortage & price increase, affects the biodiversity of the green area and others. | (8.9806034°, 38.7577605°) | (9.145°, 40.489673°) |
| 455 | Addis Ababa City Administration | 31146 | Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | C40 | 2013 | More intense rainfall | Extremely serious | Short-term | Flooding that affects Buildings, waste transport, energy, communications/ telecommunications, human health, tourism and agriculture | (8.9806034°, 38.7577605°) | (9.145°, 40.489673°) |
| 456 | Addis Ababa City Administration | 31146 | Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | C40 | 2013 | More intense droughts | Extremely serious | Medium-term | shortage in supplies of water, energy, agricultural products, affects biodiversity, human health, truism and environment | (8.9806034°, 38.7577605°) | (9.145°, 40.489673°) |
| 457 | Addis Ababa City Administration | 31146 | Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | C40 | 2013 | Change in seasonality of rainfall | Extremely serious | Long-term | Impact on Water & energy supply, in agriculture activities, effect on biodiversity, human health tourism and environment | (8.9806034°, 38.7577605°) | (9.145°, 40.489673°) |
| 458 | City of Lagos | 31167 | Nigeria | Lagos | C40 | 2013 | Hotter summers | Serious | Current | Intense heat for longer periods with higher temperatures. | (6.5243793°, 3.3792057°) | (9.081999°, 8.675277°) |
| 459 | City of Lagos | 31167 | Nigeria | Lagos | C40 | 2013 | Sea level rise | Extremely serious | Current | Coastal flooding as a result of sea level rise leading to loss of lives, properties and displacement of people. | (6.5243793°, 3.3792057°) | (9.081999°, 8.675277°) |
| 460 | City of Lagos | 31167 | Nigeria | Lagos | C40 | 2013 | More intense rainfall | Extremely serious | Current | More intense rainfall with highly irregular spatial distribution leading to severe flash floods. | (6.5243793°, 3.3792057°) | (9.081999°, 8.675277°) |
| 461 | City of Lagos | 31167 | Nigeria | Lagos | C40 | 2013 | Change in seasonality of rainfall | Serious | Current | Alteration of spatial distribution of rainfall leading to sudden flooding incidents in the city. | (6.5243793°, 3.3792057°) | (9.081999°, 8.675277°) |
| 462 | City of Lagos | 31167 | Nigeria | Lagos | C40 | 2013 | Increased frequency of large storms | Extremely serious | Current | The frequency of rain and wind induced storms are experienced in the city. | (6.5243793°, 3.3792057°) | (9.081999°, 8.675277°) |
| 463 | City of Lagos | 31167 | Nigeria | Lagos | C40 | 2013 | More frequent rainfall | Extremely serious | Current | More rainfall is continuosly witnessed in the city. | (6.5243793°, 3.3792057°) | (9.081999°, 8.675277°) |
| 464 | City of Lagos | 31167 | Nigeria | Lagos | C40 | 2013 | Increased wind speeds | Serious | Current | Winds speeds lead to destruction of properties and lives. | (6.5243793°, 3.3792057°) | (9.081999°, 8.675277°) |
| 465 | City of Lagos | 31167 | Nigeria | Lagos | C40 | 2013 | More frequent heatwaves | Serious | Current | Bouts of intense heat felt in the afternoons and late evening. | (6.5243793°, 3.3792057°) | (9.081999°, 8.675277°) |
| 466 | Ville de Douala | 36042 | Cameroon | Douala | 2013 | More hot days | Serious | Current | La sécheresse des plantes La rareté d’eau Accoisement de l’usage des équipements de production de froids qui se traduit par une forte consommation d’électriité | (4.05°, 9.7°) | (7.369722°, 12.354722°) | |
| 467 | Santiago de Cali | 36037 | Colombia | Cali | 2013 | More hot days | Serious | Current | (3.420556°, -76.522222°) | (4.570868°, -74.297333°) | ||
| 468 | Santiago de Cali | 36037 | Colombia | Cali | 2013 | Hotter summers | Serious | Current | (3.420556°, -76.522222°) | (4.570868°, -74.297333°) | ||
| 469 | Santiago de Cali | 36037 | Colombia | Cali | 2013 | More intense rainfall | Serious | Current | In 2010 and 2011 rainfall intensities were recorded return periods exceeding one hundred years for the city. | (3.420556°, -76.522222°) | (4.570868°, -74.297333°) | |
| 470 | Santiago de Cali | 36037 | Colombia | Cali | 2013 | Increased average annual rainfall | Serious | Current | In 2010 and 2011 rainfall intensities were recorded return periods exceeding one hundred years for the city. | (3.420556°, -76.522222°) | (4.570868°, -74.297333°) | |
| 471 | Santiago de Cali | 36037 | Colombia | Cali | 2013 | More intense droughts | Serious | Current | In contrast to the rainfall records, have been experiencing droughts that have led to significant reduction in potable water, having consequently water rationing in some parts of the city. | (3.420556°, -76.522222°) | (4.570868°, -74.297333°) | |
| 472 | Singapore Government | 35993 | Singapore | Singapore | C40 | 2013 | Other: Changes in average temperatures | Other: +2.7 to + 4.2 (degree celsius) | Other: By 2100 | Changes to biodiversity and greenery; implications for public health (e.g. heat stress, dengue); greater demand on energy infrastructure (for cooling) | (1.352083°, 103.819836°) | (1.352083°, 103.819836°) |
| 473 | Singapore Government | 35993 | Singapore | Singapore | C40 | 2013 | Sea level rise | Other: +0.24 to + 0.65 meters | Other: By 2100 | Erosion and flooding of coastal areas | (1.352083°, 103.819836°) | (1.352083°, 103.819836°) |
| 474 | Kampala City | 44077 | Uganda | Kampala | 2013 | Change in seasonality of rainfall | Serious | Current | (0.313611°, 32.581111°) | (1.373333°, 32.290275°) | ||
| 475 | Santiago de Guayaquil | 36045 | Ecuador | Guayaquil | 2013 | Hotter summers | Less serious | Current | Increased number of wildfires. Need for more electricity for cooling systems and subsequent to heat, decreased efficiency of energy generating plants. | (-2.1709979°, -79.9223592°) | (-1.831239°, -78.183406°) | |
| 476 | Santiago de Guayaquil | 36045 | Ecuador | Guayaquil | 2013 | More intense rainfall | Serious | Current | Increased likelihood of landslide and landslip and resulting damage. Economic losses in agriculture. | (-2.1709979°, -79.9223592°) | (-1.831239°, -78.183406°) | |
| 477 | Santiago de Guayaquil | 36045 | Ecuador | Guayaquil | 2013 | Change in seasonality of rainfall | Less serious | Current | Reduced levels of profitability of agricultural activities that depend on the rainy season. | (-2.1709979°, -79.9223592°) | (-1.831239°, -78.183406°) | |
| 478 | Santiago de Guayaquil | 36045 | Ecuador | Guayaquil | 2013 | Reduced average annual rainfall | Less serious | Current | Decreased water availability for hydroelectric power generation and for cooling water for thermal energy plants. | (-2.1709979°, -79.9223592°) | (-1.831239°, -78.183406°) | |
| 479 | Municipality of Recife | 35872 | Brazil | Recife | 2013 | Sea level rise | Serious | Other: we do not have data | Floods; landslips; degradation of infrastructure Supplies compromisement; Threats to productive chains; Increase of population density; Increase of equipment and infrastructure needs Appearance of epidemiological diseases; Compromise of water quality; Compromise of infrastructure (water supply, sewage, energy and telephone) | (-8.0475458°, -34.8769621°) | (-14.235004°, -51.92528°) | |
| 480 | Metropolitan Municipality of Lima | 31170 | Peru | Lima | C40 | 2013 | More hot days | Less serious | Current | • La población más vulnerable de Lima (niños, jóvenes y ancianos) de los niveles socioeconómicos menos pudientes, sería la más afectada. Entre los daños que podrían presentarse está el aumento de casos de deshidratación y las enfermedades de la piel, en especial en aquellos distritos donde actualmente ya existen las “islas de calor”. • Los ecosistemas de lomas y similares son muy sensibles a los cambios de temperatura y a la disminución de la nubosidad, ya que al afectarse la flora y fauna disminuye la captación de agua de neblina. • La población, sobre todo los sectores más pobres estaría muy expuesta a la aparición e incremento de enfermedades tropicales durante el verano. En el invierno, por otro lado, aumentarían las enfermedades respiratorias y enfermedades fungosas y virales. | (-12.046374°, -77.0427934°) | (-9.189967°, -75.015152°) |
| 481 | Metropolitan Municipality of Lima | 31170 | Peru | Lima | C40 | 2013 | Reduced average annual rainfall | Serious | Current | • La actividad energética podría verse afectada por la reducción de precipitaciones, que afectaría la capacidad de generación energética incrementando los conflictos existentes entre EDEGEL (empresa de energía eléctrica) y SEDAPAL (empresa de agua) por la disponibilidad del agua. • Capacidad limitada de uso de las aguas subterráneas para consumo humano, riego, comercio e industria debido a una menor disponibilidad a causa de la disminución de la precipitación que reducirían el área de recarga de acuíferos. Esto, a su vez, ocasionaría la disminución de las reservas de agua subterránea con la consiguiente pérdida significativa de acuíferos, reducción de áreas y nivel freático de los humedales. • Incremento de embalses, obstrucciones y necesidad de mayor mantenimiento en playas, bordes y desembocaduras de ríos debido a la disminución del caudal de agua de los ríos, sumada al vertimiento de aguas residuales y residuos sólidos con alta carga orgánica y reducido tratamiento, provenientes de la mayoría de los centros urbanos e industriales. • La ocupación urbana en zonas de riesgo, producto de la reducción del cauce y retroceso de humedales, incrementa la cantidad de población expuesta a riesgos de inundación y desbordes de los ríos. | (-12.046374°, -77.0427934°) | (-9.189967°, -75.015152°) |
| 482 | Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro | 31176 | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | C40 | 2013 | Change in seasonality of rainfall | Serious | Medium-term | The projections are not conclusive. The rains should be more intense and poorly distributed. In dry periods, it should increase the risk of wildfires. High intensities of rainfall after long dry periods (resulting in low permeability of the soil), should lead to increased run-off and inefficiency of groundwater recharge, contributing to the failure of water supply and sanitation systems. | (-22.9082998°, -43.1970773°) | (-14.235004°, -51.92528°) |
| 483 | City of Buenos Aires | 31155 | Argentina | Buenos Aires | C40 | 2013 | Increased average annual rainfall | Less serious | Current | Impacts on water availability | (-34.6037232°, -58.3815931°) | (-38.416097°, -63.616672°) |
| 484 | Metropolitan Municipality of Lima | 31170 | Peru | Lima | C40 | 2013 | Other: Eventos extremos precipitación | Extremely serious | Short-term | • Vulnerabilidad de las laderas frente a la erosión, inundaciones y aludes en la zona alta y media de las cuencas. • Posibilidad de colapso de numerosas edificaciones precarias en muy mal estado debido a su antigüedad, tipo de materiales y sistemas constructivos empleados, ausencia de mantenimiento, deterioro de paredes y deficientes acabados. • Deterioro de cimientos de edificaciones, veredas, pistas y equipamiento debido al incremento de precipitaciones, la presencia de humedad, el afloramiento de agua y los desbordes del río en las zonas que se encuentran en cotas bajas, afectando el nivel de rebose. • El aún débil sistema de alcantarillado en las zonas inundables podría originar el desborde de aguas residuales. • La infraestructura de riego, reservorios y canales está expuesta a huaycos y desbordes del río, lo que podría ocasionar daños. • Las viviendas y servicios que cuentan con sótanos o se encuentran en cotas bajas están expuestos a inundaciones • Alta exposición de la infraestructura vial y de los puentes peatonales y vehiculares, si colapsaran por causa de desbordes en las zonas ubicadas sobre el río Rímac, podría darse la pérdida del continuo urbano, dividiendo la ciudad en dos zonas, afectando las actividades y servicios vitales de la ciudad. • Las zonas urbanas y la infraestructura de servicios básicos (plantas de tratamiento de agua potable y saneamiento, tuberías), así como las postas, centros de salud, colegios, pistas y veredas ubicadas en zonas de riesgo son más vulnerables. . En las partes bajas de las cuencas, las inundaciones en áreas costeras, inundables (cota baja) y afloramientos de agua en zonas de humedales actualmente urbanizadas, podrían generar movimientos poblacionales. • El incremento de las precipitaciones podría afectar las aguas superficiales, subterráneas y el suelo de la cuenca baja por la degradación de suelos agrícolas, la erosión, los sedimentos saturados, la salinización y la contaminación debido a la presencia de depósitos de relaves y el uso de agroquímicos en las partes alta y media de la cuenca respectivamente. • El daño en la infraestructura de transporte de la ciudad podría generar pérdida de horas/hombre y problemas en el suministro de productos, alimentos e insumos. | (-12.046374°, -77.0427934°) | (-9.189967°, -75.015152°) |
| 485 | Municipalidad de Magdalena del Mar | 43975 | Peru | Magdalena del Mar | 2013 | More hot days | Serious | Current | There are hotter days compared to past years. The ultraviolet radiation level has increased affecting the human health. | (-12.0904353°, -77.069999°) | (-9.189967°, -75.015152°) | |
| 486 | Municipalidad de Magdalena del Mar | 43975 | Peru | Magdalena del Mar | 2013 | Hotter summers | Serious | Current | The average temperature this year during the summer has increased compared to the last twelve years damaging the human health for the high level of ultraviolet radiation. | (-12.0904353°, -77.069999°) | (-9.189967°, -75.015152°) | |
| 487 | Municipalidad de Magdalena del Mar | 43975 | Peru | Magdalena del Mar | 2013 | Warmer water temperatures | Less serious | Long-term | The temperature of the Pacific Ocean facing the Peruvian coast had the lowest increase of 0.1 degrees °C in 25 years, according to recent studies on the warming of the ocean’s superficial water of the last 50 years, value that should not have an impact on the marine resources in the short term. | (-12.0904353°, -77.069999°) | (-9.189967°, -75.015152°) | |
| 488 | Municipalidad de Magdalena del Mar | 43975 | Peru | Magdalena del Mar | 2013 | Increased wind speeds | Less serious | Short-term | Strong winds that mainly advance from south to north and perpendicularly towards the area close to the district, especially between 12:00 m. and 18:00 p.m., have been registered. This phenomenon generates a cold sensation and propels the dispersion of the fog in the afternoons, making the sunlight appear. | (-12.0904353°, -77.069999°) | (-9.189967°, -75.015152°) | |
| 489 | Antananarivo | 36223 | Madagascar | Antananarivo | 2013 | Change in seasonality of rainfall | Serious | Current | the division of the seasons is not the same as before | (-18.933333°, 47.516667°) | (-18.766947°, 46.869107°) | |
| 490 | Antananarivo | 36223 | Madagascar | Antananarivo | 2013 | More hot days | Serious | Current | temperature too high than usual | (-18.933333°, 47.516667°) | (-18.766947°, 46.869107°) | |
| 491 | Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro | 31176 | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | C40 | 2013 | More intense rainfall | Extremely serious | Current | Systematic occurrence of storms, linked to local topography and occupation, dates back to the early history of the City and represents the most serious risk factor for the population, due to the landslides and flooding episodes. The tragic history of life and properties losses and the severe social and public health consequences contributed to the creation of the Operation Center COR – Centro de Operações Rio by the Municipality, in order to monitor and optimize the city functions. The Center seeks to anticipate solutions and minimize the occurrences, alerting the responsible sectors of the risks and the urgent measures to be taken in cases of emergencies such as heavy rainfall; Short duration or high density rainfalls should also exacerbate the degradation of urban forests, generating debris flows and rock falls. The increased frequency of rainfall especially in summer should lead to more frequent landslides. The vulnerability of the slopes tend to increase due to the rains, especially where there is informal and uncontrolled expansion of buildings. In scenario projected for 2099, the Tijuca Massif tends to have forest cover reduced to 6% to 20% of its total covered area, considering the rhythm of occupation. With increasing intensity of rains and winds, lagoons and other water bodies must suffer the acceleration of siltation and decreased water quality due to increased sewage discharges, re-suspension of sediments and decreased oxygen concentration, There should be greater input of sediment from the slopes to the lagoons in Barra da Tijuca and Jacarepaguá. In water supply and sanitation systems, there must be an overload on treatment plants, depending on the over-elevation of turbidity, fecal contamination due to heavy rainfall and increased run-off. The structural safety of dams should increase the risk of flooding due to the instantaneous flow of water reservoirs | (-22.9082998°, -43.1970773°) | (-14.235004°, -51.92528°) |
| 492 | Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro | 31176 | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | C40 | 2013 | More frequent rainfall | Extremely serious | Current | Less intense but long term rains should worsen the degradation of urban forests, which should generate slumps along the road blocks, creeps into colluvial deposits along the axes of the valleys and slides in shallow soils. These landslides should involve risks of life, public health (stress the risks of epidemics of leptospirosis and dengue), and social risks, putting in collapse the city transit system. | (-22.9082998°, -43.1970773°) | (-14.235004°, -51.92528°) |
| 493 | Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro | 31176 | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | C40 | 2013 | Increased average annual rainfall | Serious | Medium-term | The increased contributions of undesirable rainwater from sanitary facilities and a greater infiltration of groundwater into the sewage system due to the higher water table should involve impairment of hydraulic and sanitary operation of all elements of the supply water and sanitation system. | (-22.9082998°, -43.1970773°) | (-14.235004°, -51.92528°) |
| 494 | Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro | 31176 | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | C40 | 2013 | Increased risk of storm surges | Extremely serious | Current | There is a tendency of increased episodes of heavy rains in Brazilian Southern and Southeastern regions, with intensification of storms and hurricanes in the ocean close to the coast, and an increase in rainfall on the slopes facing the ocean. On the coast of Rio de Janeiro, there were strong tidal waves in the past decade. These events can lead to impairment of coastal infrastructure - protection works and urbanization. Storms and floods should generate social risks, overload in public health system, and post-traumatic stress in the population affected by loss of property and lives. | (-22.9082998°, -43.1970773°) | (-14.235004°, -51.92528°) |
| 495 | Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro | 31176 | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | C40 | 2013 | Hotter summers | Extremely serious | Current | Epidemics of dengue were installed in Rio from the 1980s, with huge damages to the population and loss of lives. These epidemics are closely to the hot, humid summers, which facilitate the proliferation of its vector, the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Extended the temperature and humidity of summer to autumn period, the period favorable for dengue should be also streched, worsening the risks to the public health system. | (-22.9082998°, -43.1970773°) | (-14.235004°, -51.92528°) |
| 496 | Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro | 31176 | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | C40 | 2013 | More frequent heatwaves | Serious | Current | It should increase the incidence of respiratory disorders resulting from heat waves, pushing the demand on health services. | (-22.9082998°, -43.1970773°) | (-14.235004°, -51.92528°) |
| 497 | Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro | 31176 | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | C40 | 2013 | More hot days | Serious | Short-term | It is estimated an increase in annual water consumption by 20%, pushing the water demand on the supply and sanitation public system. For the 2nd half of the century, a general increase in temperature, hotter nights, heat waves and extreme rainfall events are expected. | (-22.9082998°, -43.1970773°) | (-14.235004°, -51.92528°) |
| 498 | Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro | 31176 | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | C40 | 2013 | Increased urban heat island effect | Less serious | Short-term | The city heat islands (Bangu, Realengo and nearby, Penha, Copacabana and Center) tend to widen. | (-22.9082998°, -43.1970773°) | (-14.235004°, -51.92528°) |
| 499 | Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro | 31176 | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | C40 | 2013 | Warmer water temperatures | Less serious | Current | It was registered over the last century in Brazil the increase of 0.75°C in water average temperature. The continued phenomenon associated with the increased availability of CO2 for photosynthesis, could lead to more recurrent episodes of uncontrolled proliferation of algae in the lagoon systems. | (-22.9082998°, -43.1970773°) | (-14.235004°, -51.92528°) |
| 500 | Prefeitura do Rio de Janeiro | 31176 | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | C40 | 2013 | Sea level rise | Extremely serious | Medium-term | The Brazilian coast already presents a 4mmm/year increase in sea level. On the shore of Rio, the acceleration of the phenomenon should lead to: loss of sand on urban beaches, and changes by transposition and erosion on non-urbanized beaches. The elevation of the groundwater level should cause flooding in low lying areas with blockade of the flow of streams and rivers. It would possible occur the disruption of Restinga de Marambaia. There are tendencies of risk in the port secto, in sanitation systems, in oil pipelines and emissaries. The salt intrusion in estuaries tend to have medium to high risk, and aquifers, low risk. Concerning to the areas liable to flooding risks by rising sea level, we highlight the following results of modeling the phenomenon to the end of the century: areas affected by flooding: 68.31 to 145.19 m2; Average population to be affected (dimensions up to 1.50 m - up to 5.00 m): 80,320 to 969,526 inhabitants; public spaces rate to be affected (up to 0.40 m - up to 1.50 m): 5.21% - 10.46%. The lagoon systems should be affected as follows: Baixada de Jacarepaguá lagoons should suffer an increase in water surface area, creating new areas flooded by sea water inlet and increased groundwater; Barra da Tijuca lagoons should undergo expansion in Recreio and Vargem Grande area. The salinisation of low lying areas should lead to an ecological decharacterization. In urban drainage infrastructure, is expected to increase the restriction to flow, with loss of efficiency of the drainage system. Spots of flooding are expected to reach places not previously flooded with increasing water depths and times of permanence. In water supply and sanitation systems, the saline intrusion could affect the quality of locally extracted groundwater and depressurized distribution system. Sewage treatment plant of Pavuna, wich is in periodically flooded area, can be affected physically. The submarine emissaries of Ipanema and Barra da Tijuca can be affected with the change in the hydraulic flow. The salinity deposits of ground water should lead to the loss of quality for consumption and the reduction of agriculture in coastal areas, causing health problems and food insecurity. The damage to sanitation infrastructure should increase the environmental contamination risk. | (-22.9082998°, -43.1970773°) | (-14.235004°, -51.92528°) |
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Risks from climate change identified and reported by city governments. Includes a list of the anticipated effects of climate change, timescale, and seriousness
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