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2015 - Cities Risks And Timescales
| Row number | City Name | Account No | Country | City Short Name | C40 | Reporting Year | Effects of climate change | Magnitude | Anticipated timescale in years | Impact description | City Location | Country Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 51 | Taipei City Government | 31446 | Taiwan | Taipei | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Less serious | Current | According to the data of 1897-1999 in Central Weather Bureau, the results indicate that the number of days which the daily maximum temperature greater than 28 degrees was increasing. | (25.037525°, 121.563782°) | (23.69781°, 120.960515°) | |
| 52 | Taipei City Government | 31446 | Taiwan | Taipei | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Less serious | Current | (25.037525°, 121.563782°) | (23.69781°, 120.960515°) | ||
| 53 | Pretoria - Tshwane | 49360 | South Africa | Pretoria | C40 | 2015 | Storms/Floods | Extremely serious | Current | The City of Tshwane, due to its geographic location at an altitude of 1 740 m, and it climate is susceptible to hail storms, which are a common occurrence in continental interiors and mid-latitudes. The Magaliesberg mountain range which runs across the northern- side of the city presents ideal conditions for the formation of cumulous clouds which produce thunderstorms that are at times accompanied by hail (CoT-SACN, 2013). Hailstones have been known to result in severe damage, particularly to automobiles, aircrafts, skylights, glass-roofed structures, livestock and crops. Although it has seldom been reported that massive hailstones were the cause of concussions or fatal head traumas, hailstorms have been responsible for costly and even deadly events throughout history (Wikipedia, 2014). | (-25.746111°, 28.188056°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 54 | Pretoria - Tshwane | 49360 | South Africa | Pretoria | C40 | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Serious | Short-term | These heat waves can cause plants to lose their moisture and die. Heat waves are often more severe when combined with high humidity. The City of Tshwane experiences heat waves during summer months, normally alternating with periods of heavy rainfall while there is a lot of moisture in the atmosphere | (-25.746111°, 28.188056°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 55 | Iskandar Regional Development Authority | 54388 | Malaysia | Iskandar | 2015 | Sea Level Rise | Serious | Long-term | Most of Iskandar Malaysia is low-lying, with the highest point being about 600m. which could mean most areas could be subjected to flooding and sea level rises within the next 50-100 years. | (3.159759°, 101.405668°) | (4.210484°, 101.975766°) | |
| 56 | Santiago de Cali | 36037 | Colombia | Cali | 2015 | Drought | Serious | Current | In contrast to precipitation records have experienced droughts that have led to a significant reduction in drinking water, with the consequence water rationing in some parts of the city. | (3.420556°, -76.522222°) | (4.570868°, -74.297333°) | |
| 57 | Santiago de Cali | 36037 | Colombia | Cali | 2015 | Frequent/Intense Rainfall | Serious | Current | In 2010 and 2011 the intensity of rainfall return periods over a hundred years for the city was recorded The city recently received two hours of precipitation which can typically fall in a hail of 24 hours. One measure of the city to address the threat of flooding is for the design and implementation of early warning projects and training to the surrounding communities. The "Jarillón of the Cauca River and complementary works Plan - PJAOC" is a Macro Project, which aims to reduce flood risk associated with the Cauca River Interceptor Canal Sur and Cali river and drainage system eastern Cali, protecting life and assets of 900,000 inhabitants of the east of the capital of Valle del Cauca. | (3.420556°, -76.522222°) | (4.570868°, -74.297333°) | |
| 58 | Santiago de Cali | 36037 | Colombia | Cali | 2015 | Frequent/Intense Rainfall | Serious | Current | In 2010 and 2011 the intensity of rainfall return periods over a hundred years for the city was recorded. | (3.420556°, -76.522222°) | (4.570868°, -74.297333°) | |
| 59 | Santiago de Cali | 36037 | Colombia | Cali | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Serious | Current | In Cali temperature has exceeded 33 ° C in the shade. The highest temperatures occur between 12 noon and 3:30 pm. Temporal analysis of temperature measurements have concluded that in the city the phenomenon of heat island Temporal analysis of temperature measurements have concluded that in the city the phenomenon of heat island since 2000 intensifies occurs. | (3.420556°, -76.522222°) | (4.570868°, -74.297333°) | |
| 60 | Municipality of Fortaleza | 35865 | Brazil | Fortaleza | 2015 | Drought | Extremely serious | Current | (-3.731862°, -38.52667°) | (-14.235004°, -51.92528°) | ||
| 61 | Municipality of Fortaleza | 35865 | Brazil | Fortaleza | 2015 | Frequent/Intense Rainfall | Extremely serious | Current | (-3.731862°, -38.52667°) | (-14.235004°, -51.92528°) | ||
| 62 | Municipality of Fortaleza | 35865 | Brazil | Fortaleza | 2015 | Sea Level Rise | Less serious | Medium-term | (-3.731862°, -38.52667°) | (-14.235004°, -51.92528°) | ||
| 63 | City of Perth | 43934 | Australia | Perth | 2015 | Drought | Impacts of climate related extremes (i.e. drought and heatwave damages to infrastructure) expected to increase. | (-31.953513°, 115.857047°) | (-25.274398°, 133.775136°) | |||
| 64 | City of Perth | 43934 | Australia | Perth | 2015 | Drought | Reductions in mean annual rainfall of 7% and surface water runoff of 14% by 2050. | (-31.953513°, 115.857047°) | (-25.274398°, 133.775136°) | |||
| 65 | City of Perth | 43934 | Australia | Perth | 2015 | Sea Level Rise | (-31.953513°, 115.857047°) | (-25.274398°, 133.775136°) | ||||
| 66 | City of Perth | 43934 | Australia | Perth | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | The number of days in Perth exceeding 35 degrees celsius is expectd to increase from 28 days to 67 days by 2070. | (-31.953513°, 115.857047°) | (-25.274398°, 133.775136°) | |||
| 67 | City of Perth | 43934 | Australia | Perth | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Impacts of climate related extremes (i.e. drought and heatwave damages to infrastructure) expected to increase. | (-31.953513°, 115.857047°) | (-25.274398°, 133.775136°) | |||
| 68 | City of Arlington, VA | 55799 | USA | Arlington | 2015 | Frequent/Intense Rainfall | Less serious | Short-term | Increased burden on stormwater infrastructure. | (32.705°, -97.1228°) | (37.09024°, -95.712891°) | |
| 69 | City of Arlington, VA | 55799 | USA | Arlington | 2015 | Sea Level Rise | Serious | Long-term | Sea level rise combined with increasing frequency and severity of storms introduces increased risk of flooding critical infrastructure. | (32.705°, -97.1228°) | (37.09024°, -95.712891°) | |
| 70 | City of Arlington, VA | 55799 | USA | Arlington | 2015 | Storms/Floods | Serious | Short-term | Increased burden on stormwater infrastructure AND Increased stress on electric grid and resulting vulnerability to public health and economic impacts in case of grid power failure. | (32.705°, -97.1228°) | (37.09024°, -95.712891°) | |
| 71 | City of Arlington, VA | 55799 | USA | Arlington | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Less serious | Short-term | Increased stress on electric grid and resulting vulnerability to public health and economic impacts in case of grid power failure. | (32.705°, -97.1228°) | (37.09024°, -95.712891°) | |
| 72 | City of Arlington, VA | 55799 | USA | Arlington | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Serious | Medium-term | Increased stress on electric grid and resulting vulnerability to public health and economic impacts in case of grid power failure. | (32.705°, -97.1228°) | (37.09024°, -95.712891°) | |
| 73 | Región Metropolitana de Santiago | 31180 | Chile | Santiago | C40 | 2015 | Drought | Serious | Short-term | A general decrease in rainfall observed for future scenarios, projecting a smaller number of days with precipitation, and lower rates in those days. (a reduction of approximately 10 to 30% of the total precipitation). The energy sector of the region suffer major consequences, since most of the generated energy is obtained from hydropower plants (about 60%), which will be forced to generate energy in a more expensive way (from fossil fuels for example) to meet demand, in turn increasing the carbon footprint of the sector. A decrease between 11 and 22% of the capacity of hydropower generation is expected. (The Economics of Climate Change in Chile) | (-33.44889°, -70.669265°) | (-35.675147°, -71.542969°) |
| 74 | Región Metropolitana de Santiago | 31180 | Chile | Santiago | C40 | 2015 | Drought | Serious | Short-term | Decreasing snow in Santiago basin is expected because of global warming, which will lead to a deficit in the accumulation of 20%. The reason for this is the increased sensitivity to zero isotherm, which is the temperature line separating the solid and liquid precipitation. Temperature changes will expose a larger area of the basin to precipitation of liquid instead of snow, reducing the thickness and extent of the snow-covered area within the basin. A study by Garin (1986) estimates that the glaciers and snowfields in the Andes contain a total volume equivalent to about 30.6 km3 water. Throughout the period 1975-2008, total cumulative loss of glacier mass balance has been of nearly eight meters of water equivalent (DGA, 2010). Recent studies by Bodin et al. (2010) for the region, discussed the state of the glaciers in the basin of the Black Lagoon, east of Santiago, a key area that supplies a significant part of the water supply to Santiago, showing declining trends. This will affect the quality and cost of drinking water, since it will increase the amount of this element from external sources to meet demand, besides investments in infrastructure by the distribution companies, which will be translated in higher user fees. (The Economics of Climate Change in Chile) | (-33.44889°, -70.669265°) | (-35.675147°, -71.542969°) |
| 75 | Región Metropolitana de Santiago | 31180 | Chile | Santiago | C40 | 2015 | Drought | Serious | Short-term | The rising temperatures and declining rainfall will make Santiago in the near future, a dry place, with a high number of days with extreme temperatures, which favor increased drought during winter and summer. This will generate a change in behavior of the agricultural sector due to the loss of crop productivity, associated with lack of water for irrigation, urban migration, shift workers to other areas, increased production costs, etc. Moreover, it is projected that this factor plus the advance of desertification and high temperatures will increase the vulnerability of the soil against erosion, due to reduced plant biomass. (The Economics of Climate Change in Chile). | (-33.44889°, -70.669265°) | (-35.675147°, -71.542969°) |
| 76 | Región Metropolitana de Santiago | 31180 | Chile | Santiago | C40 | 2015 | Drought | Serious | Short-term | Declining snowpack in the Santiago Basin, along with increased population will generate a water shortage in the coming years. The communities most affected by this effect would be Til Til, Colina and San Pedro. The latter has already showed such problems in recent years. However, given the future economic and technological development, changes are expected in the demand for water in agriculture, drinking and industry. The latter, for example, affected their productivity and hence their relative market competition by increasing production costs due to water scarcity. | (-33.44889°, -70.669265°) | (-35.675147°, -71.542969°) |
| 77 | Región Metropolitana de Santiago | 31180 | Chile | Santiago | C40 | 2015 | Frequent/Intense Rainfall | Serious | Short-term | Excessive precipitation in a city has negative consequences: floods, overuse of the capacity of water treatment plants and sewage treatment, also landslides caused during heavy rain storms, which can affect the integrity of the road infrastructure, in addition to that corresponding to basic services such as schools and hospitals in the area. (The Economics of Climate Change in Chile) | (-33.44889°, -70.669265°) | (-35.675147°, -71.542969°) |
| 78 | Región Metropolitana de Santiago | 31180 | Chile | Santiago | C40 | 2015 | Storms/Floods | Serious | Short-term | High temperatures also cause elevations of zero isotherm line, which increases the likelihood of storm and flooding in the highest areas of the city, since a higher percentage of the basin is contributing liquid precipitation during each storm. The rapid urban expansion that exists in the region, together with increased storms, will expose population to the threat of floods and landslides by the change in land use which is forced to make. (Adaptation Plan for Metropolitan Region of Santiago: CAS) | (-33.44889°, -70.669265°) | (-35.675147°, -71.542969°) |
| 79 | Región Metropolitana de Santiago | 31180 | Chile | Santiago | C40 | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Serious | Current | There has been a significant increase of days with extremely high temperatures, with 30% increase in the number of days above 30 ° C. Rising temperatures affect electricity consumption, increasing the use of it for cooling rooms and offices, while reducing the use of electricity for heating in winter is expected. Rising temperatures affect electricity consumption, increasing the use of it for cooling rooms and offices, while reducing the use of electricity for heating is expected in winter. (Adaptation Plan for Metropolitan Region of Santiago: CAS) | (-33.44889°, -70.669265°) | (-35.675147°, -71.542969°) |
| 80 | Región Metropolitana de Santiago | 31180 | Chile | Santiago | C40 | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Serious | Medium-term | Given the expected temperature increase for the region, Santiago is supposed to get more arid and warm, especially in the summer months. It is projected that in the agriculture and forestry sector, may increase the incidence of pests because rising temperatures favor the number of generations of insects expanding their ecological niches. On the other hand, it is estimated to be a loss of native biodiversity due to the weakening of their natural habitat. (The Economics of Climate Change in Chile) | (-33.44889°, -70.669265°) | (-35.675147°, -71.542969°) |
| 81 | Región Metropolitana de Santiago | 31180 | Chile | Santiago | C40 | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Serious | Current | Heat waves are a major problem in large cities, which are estimated to increase, especially during summer months. | (-33.44889°, -70.669265°) | (-35.675147°, -71.542969°) |
| 82 | Región Metropolitana de Santiago | 31180 | Chile | Santiago | C40 | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Serious | Short-term | Increasing episodes of extreme heat in conjunction with urban sprawl, will expose a higher percentage of the poor population to the effects of extreme heat by land use change. (Adaptation Plan for Metropolitan Region of Santiago: CAS) | (-33.44889°, -70.669265°) | (-35.675147°, -71.542969°) |
| 83 | Región Metropolitana de Santiago | 31180 | Chile | Santiago | C40 | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Serious | Short-term | Santiago has experienced rapid urban growth in the last thirty years, with an increase in impervious surfaces due to industrial and commercial zoning, and a reduction in the percentage of green areas throughout the city (Sorricolea and Romero, 2006). A recent study by Romero and Molina (2010) analyzed the evolution of the air temperature at different times of day and in different seasons, trying to identify the main forcers of the possible UHI effect present in the city. A study of the relationship between land use, land cover and the air temperature was conducted and identified that areas with high industrial density have higher temperatures than low density areas. In addition, noon and night, urban areas in the region are higher than the surrounding areas temperatures, but in the morning Santiago looks cooler than the rest of the city limits. It is projected that higher temperatures will increase mortality of the most vulnerable populations and the effects of tropospheric ozone buildup, which is favored by environmental imbalances such as high air pollution that owns the region, which favors respiratory illnesses and deaths from this cause. (The Economics of Climate Change in Chile) | (-33.44889°, -70.669265°) | (-35.675147°, -71.542969°) |
| 84 | City of Edina | 5263 | USA | Edina | 2015 | Drought | Extremely serious | Long-term | (44.889687°, -93.349949°) | (37.09024°, -95.712891°) | ||
| 85 | City of Cape Town | 35858 | South Africa | Cape Town | C40 | 2015 | Drought | Serious | Current | Less water availability – increased price of water; and impacts on economic growth and agriculture, quality of water, groundwater recharge and the state of rivers and wetland ecosystems. | (-33.9253°, 18.4239°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 86 | City of Cape Town | 35858 | South Africa | Cape Town | C40 | 2015 | Frequent/Intense Rainfall | Serious | Current | Increased flooding – pressure on disaster relief systems; damage to public infrastructure, private property and lives; challenge to stormwater systems in urban settlements; soil erosion; river bank erosion and demands for protection structures; lower agricultural productivity levels and loss of harvest; and impacts on insurance coverage, payouts and premiums. The city already struggles to cope with ‘extreme’ weather (flooding) events experienced in most years and these are set to intensify. | (-33.9253°, 18.4239°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 87 | City of Cape Town | 35858 | South Africa | Cape Town | C40 | 2015 | Sea Level Rise | Serious | Current | Coastal loss and damage – damage to public infrastructure and private property; salt water intrusion into ground water and coastal wetlands; coastal erosion; impact on estuaries and associated impacts on fish and other marine species | (-33.9253°, 18.4239°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 88 | City of Cape Town | 35858 | South Africa | Cape Town | C40 | 2015 | Storms/Floods | Serious | Current | Increased no. of non-operational harbour days due to high winds Increased evaporation from water supplies Impacts on infrastructure, particularly poorly constructed houses. Increased coastal erosion due to the high intensity of wind, loss of beach vegetation resulting from degradation of habitats due to wind erosion. | (-33.9253°, 18.4239°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 89 | City of Cape Town | 35858 | South Africa | Cape Town | C40 | 2015 | Storms/Floods | Extremely serious | Current | Increased storm surges: Increased intensity and frequency of storm surges places critical City infrastructure and the subsequent disruption of service delivery-resulting in the re-alignment of coastal roads | (-33.9253°, 18.4239°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 90 | City of Cape Town | 35858 | South Africa | Cape Town | C40 | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Serious | Short-term | Health impacts due to hotter temperatures (heat stress) & greater range of disease vectors Increased need for cooling & consequent impacts on energy security & pricing Increased evaporation & impacts on water supply Heat stress on food crops with consequent food security and in-migration risks and impacts on agro processing industries. Temperatures exceeding design specifications caused infrastructure damage Increased wildfires (frequency and intensity) – impacts on insurance, lives, agriculture and biodiversity. Increased impacts on biodiversity -(City is a biodiversity hotspot) increased risk of wildfires (disrupting the fire regime which will impact ecosystems), increased success of more tolerant alien invasive species and loss of native species, heat stress will cause a change in plant’s physiology, impacting the growth and efficiency of photosynthesis and biomass production. Biodiversity is also core to the City's tourism industry Faster breakdown of waste material and shorter fly cycle in rubbish bins, necessitating the City to collect waste more frequently | (-33.9253°, 18.4239°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 91 | City of Cape Town | 35858 | South Africa | Cape Town | C40 | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Serious | Short-term | Health impacts due to heat stress Heat stress on food crops with consequent food security and in-migration risks and impacts on agro processing industries. | (-33.9253°, 18.4239°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 92 | City of Santa Monica | 54110 | USA | Santa Monica | 2015 | Drought | Serious | Short-term | Affects the snow pack that supplies a portion of the city's water supply. By 2020, the City hopes to be water self-sufficient; but this effort could be affected by overdrawn groundwater. | (34.0219°, -118.4814°) | (37.09024°, -95.712891°) | |
| 93 | City of Santa Monica | 54110 | USA | Santa Monica | 2015 | Drought | Less serious | Medium-term | Can affect the city's ability to be water self-sufficient, if groundwater is not replenished. | (34.0219°, -118.4814°) | (37.09024°, -95.712891°) | |
| 94 | City of Santa Monica | 54110 | USA | Santa Monica | 2015 | Drought | Serious | Current | Severely impacting quality of life; the City is helping the community save water with technical assistance and rebates. | (34.0219°, -118.4814°) | (37.09024°, -95.712891°) | |
| 95 | City of Santa Monica | 54110 | USA | Santa Monica | 2015 | Sea Level Rise | Less serious | Long-term | Potential to affect public infrastructure and private property; potential saltwater intrusion into groundwater supplies. | (34.0219°, -118.4814°) | (37.09024°, -95.712891°) | |
| 96 | City of Santa Monica | 54110 | USA | Santa Monica | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Less serious | Short-term | More hot days will increase energy use; can affect elderly and young populations and lower-income population who may not have access to cooling; air quality can be affected by increased heat | (34.0219°, -118.4814°) | (37.09024°, -95.712891°) | |
| 97 | City of Santa Monica | 54110 | USA | Santa Monica | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Less serious | Short-term | (In addition to the above) Weather increases tourism draw, impacting local consumption of resources and generation of waste | (34.0219°, -118.4814°) | (37.09024°, -95.712891°) | |
| 98 | City of Adelaide | 32480 | Australia | Adelaide | 2015 | Drought | Serious | Current | Impacts: Development Planning – drying of land, ground movements and changes to the integrity of structures, affecting buildings and underground services such as pipes. Environmental Management – increased stress on vegetation and need for increased maintenance and higher water consumption, including for sports fields to ensure useability. | (-34.929°, 138.601°) | (-25.274398°, 133.775136°) | |
| 99 | City of Adelaide | 32480 | Australia | Adelaide | 2015 | Frequent/Intense Rainfall | Serious | Current | Impacts: Development Planning and Emergency Management – risk to property damage and disruption to services from flooding. | (-34.929°, 138.601°) | (-25.274398°, 133.775136°) | |
| 100 | City of Adelaide | 32480 | Australia | Adelaide | 2015 | Temperature Increase/Heatwaves | Serious | Current | Impacts: Council Prosperity - decline in liveability and comfort in the City resulting in a decline in residential and visitor activity; Transport Planning - reduction in pedestrian and cycling as modes of transport and subsequent increase in demand for private transportation; Development and Energy Planning - increased energy demand and peak demand from air-conditioning. Greater need for energy-efficient buildings, development that reduces the heat island effect, shading and vegetated environments; Environmental Management – increased stress on vegetation and need for increased maintenance and higher water consumption; Health and Wellbeing - increased risk of limb drop from stressed trees and a reduction in physical exercise and organised sporting activities. | (-34.929°, 138.601°) | (-25.274398°, 133.775136°) |
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Risks from climate change identified and reported by city governments. Includes a list of the anticipated effects of climate change, timescale, and seriousness
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