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2019 Cities Climate Hazards
| Row number | Questionnaire Name | Account Number | Account Name | Country | CDP Region | ParentSection | Section | RowNumber | Climate Hazards | Did this hazard significantly impact your city before 2019? | Current probability of hazard | Current consequence of hazard | Social impact of hazard overall | Future change in frequency | Future change in intensity | When do you first expect to experience those changes? | Most relevant assets / services affected overall | Please identify which vulnerable populations are affected | Magnitude of expected future impact | Please describe the impacts experienced so far, and how you expect the hazard to impact in the future |
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| 451 | Cities 2019 | 35853 | City of Baltimore, MD | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 7 | Storm and wind > Storm surge | No | Medium Low | High | Increased demand for public services | None | Increasing | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Industrial; Residential; Commercial | Marginalized groups | High | A storm surge, one of the most damaging impacts of a coastal storm event, is an abnormal local rise in sea level, caused by deepening low pressure in the core of the storm that creates an extreme difference in barometric pressure between the tropical system and the atmospheric environment outside the system. As a result, a dome of water rises under the eye of the storm, and is eventually pushed onto the coastline as the storm makes landfall. The height of a surge is measured as the deviation (in feet) above average sea level. In extreme circumstances, storm surge can, and has exceeded a height of 25 feet in other areas around the world. Storm surge is especially damaging due to the combination of a high volume of water covering a large geographic area that is moving toward or across land at high velocity. According to NOAA, 9 out of every 10 deaths associated with coastal storms are caused by storm surge—demonstrating why this water phenomenon is often the greatest threat to life and property from a tropical system. As the scale demonstrates, when a storm grows more intense, the resulting storm surge is more likely to reach greater heights and bring more significant damage. Storm surge may also accompany significant coastal storms that are known along the east coast as “Nor’easters.”(Excerpt from DP3 Chapter 3: https://www.baltimoresustainability.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Chapter3_HazardAssessment.pdf) |
| 452 | Cities 2019 | 35853 | City of Baltimore, MD | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 8 | Storm and wind > Severe wind | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Increasing | Increasing | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Information & communications technology; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Energy | Persons living in sub-standard housing | High | Wind is the motion of air past a given point caused by a difference in pressure from one place to another. Wind poses a threat to Maryland in many forms, including winds that are produced by severe thunderstorms and tropical weather systems. The effects of wind can include blowing debris, interruptions in elevated power and communications utilities, and intensified effects of winter weather. Harm to people and animals, as well as damage to property, trees, and infrastructure, may result. |
| 453 | Cities 2019 | 35853 | City of Baltimore, MD | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 9 | Extreme Precipitation > Heavy snow | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | None | Increasing | Immediately | Transport; Emergency services; Waste management | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Marginalized groups; Elderly | Low | Winter storms produce more than just snow. Winter weather can take many forms, including freezing rain, sleet, extreme cold and high winds. These conditions may occur singly or in any combination. Freezing rain is that which falls onto a surface where the temperature is below freezing, causing the rain to form a coating of ice. Conversely, sleet occurs as raindrops freeze into ice pellets in the cold air before reaching the ground. Like snow, freezing rain and sleet can create hazardous conditions for motorists. Even small accumulations of ice can make walking or driving extremely dangerous. Moreover, significant accumulations of ice can fell trees and utility lines, resulting in loss of power and communication. While winter storms are expected in Baltimore— and the City budgets and prepares for snow removal activities each year — winter storms occasionally reach a magnitude that overwhelms local response efforts. This stress may be placed on the transportation system as roads are unable to be efficiently salted or plowed, or it may be placed on electrical infrastructure. Over the past decade, Baltimore City has experienced several strong winter storms that have disrupted regular activities and caused a number of automobile accidents and power outages.(Excerpt from DP3 Chapter 3: https://www.baltimoresustainability.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Chapter3_HazardAssessment.pdf) |
| 454 | Cities 2019 | 35853 | City of Baltimore, MD | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 10 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | No | Medium | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Increasing | Increasing | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Society / community & culture; Food & agriculture; Public health | Children & youth; Persons with chronic diseases; Elderly | Low | Warmer, wetter conditions help insects and diseases flourish. In a changing climate, increases in average temperature, precipitation, and humidity will enable disease-carrying vectors and pathogens to infiltrate urban environments more easily. These conditions create favorable environments, for example, for breeding mosquitoes, which are known carriers of disease. Already, Baltimore has experienced a growing population of the tiger mosquito, originallynative to Southeast Asia. According to the National Climate Assessment, shorter and warmer winters may increase survival and growth of disease-causing agents and parasites. Additionally, a changing climate may influence the distribution of diseases that are sensitive to temperature and moisture — including anthrax, blackleg, and hemorrhagic septicemia — and lead to increased incidence of ketosis, mastitis, and lameness in dairy cows.(Excerpt from DP3 Chapter 3: https://www.baltimoresustainability.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Chapter3_HazardAssessment.pdf) |
| 455 | Cities 2019 | 35854 | City of Brussels | Belgium | Europe | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Flood and sea level rise > Groundwater flood | Do not know | Medium | Medium High | Other: Non étudié | Increasing | Increasing | Long-term (after 2050) | Land use planning | Other: Non étudié | High | Zones inondables existantes voyant leur exposition augmentée avec une augmentation potentiel des dégâts associés. |
| 456 | Cities 2019 | 35854 | City of Brussels | Belgium | Europe | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Do not know | Medium | Medium | Other: Non étudié précisement | Increasing | Increasing | Long-term (after 2050) | Other: Non connu précisement | Other: Non connu précisement | Do not know | Zones inondables existantes voyant leur exposition augmentée avec une augmentation potentiel des dégâts associés. |
| 457 | Cities 2019 | 35854 | City of Brussels | Belgium | Europe | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Do not know | Low | Low | Increased demand for healthcare services | Increasing | Increasing | Long-term (after 2050) | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Transport; Commercial; Land use planning; Tourism; Residential; Energy | Other: Non connu | High | Dégradation du confort thermique des usagers des transports en commun en période de forte chaleur, rupture de services de ces derniers (fortes chaleurs, inondations). Augmentation des consommations énergétiques estivales, diminution des consommations énergétiques hivernales. Prégnance du phénomène d'ICU plus impactant. Effets sanitaires des fortes chaleurs et de la dégradations de la qualité de l'air estivale |
| 458 | Cities 2019 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | Medium High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for public services | Increasing | Increasing | Short-term (by 2025) | Public health; Emergency services; Food & agriculture | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities; Persons with chronic diseases | High | Cincinnati is heating up and will continue to do so. By the end of the century the average annual temperature in Cincinnati is expected to rise seven degrees and include two major heat waves per year. Our summers will start to feel more like Pharr, TX, a border city 1,400 miles south of Cincinnati! Right now, Ohio averages five days per year that are considered dangerously hot (Over 95°F). That’s two more sweltering days than we saw in 1950, but by 2050 we can expect over 30 dangerously hot days per year. More dangerous heat days mean higher rates of asthma, heat rash and cramps, as well as heat stroke, which can be fatal. Increased heat will affect more than your summer plans. Hotter weather means higher evaporation rates. Rivers like the Great Miami could shrink by 35% , and agricultural productivity will suffer. Winters will be warmer too. With changes to the freeze/thaw cycle comes some unexpected challenges like flooding, increased insect and weed populations, and loss of native species that require cold weather. |
| 459 | Cities 2019 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | High | Medium Low | Increased demand for public services | Increasing | Increasing | Short-term (by 2025) | Water supply & sanitation; Emergency services; Public health | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | High | Cincinnati has seen almost a 40% increase in the amount of precipitation falling in very heavy rain events since the 1950s, and it is predicted that this trend could cause the Ohio River to surge by 25% in the next 30 years. Major storm events can cause major damage, ranging from sewer backups, to landslides, to flash flooding. The storms of 2017 have forced the City to spend over $50 million on storm-related issues. These costs have prompted the City to form an Extreme Weather Task Force to evaluate policy recommendations to prepare for and minimize future storm damages. |
| 460 | Cities 2019 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Extreme cold temperature > Extreme winter conditions | Yes | High | High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased demand for healthcare services | Increasing | Increasing | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Commercial; Emergency services; Food & agriculture | Persons with disabilities; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Unemployed persons; Children & youth; Low-income households | High | Extreme winter conditions have cause shortages of resources and temporary shutdown of businesses, which can harm the economy of Cincinnati. Roads are also increasingly dangerous, and more accidents can occur. Extreme winter conditions can cause an increased health risk to many vulnerable populations. As extreme winter conditions worsen in both quantity and strength, all these impacts will likely worsen. |
| 461 | Cities 2019 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | High | Medium Low | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services | Increasing | Increasing | Short-term (by 2025) | Public health; Water supply & sanitation; Emergency services | Persons living in sub-standard housing | High | Cincinnati has seen almost a 40% increase in the amount of precipitation falling in very heavy rain events since the 1950s, and it is predicted that this trend could cause the Ohio River to surge by 25% in the next 30 years. Major storm events can cause major damage, ranging from sewer backups, to landslides, to flash flooding. The storms of 2017 have forced the City to spend over $50 million on storm-related issues. These costs have prompted the City to form an Extreme Weather Task Force to evaluate policy recommendations to prepare for and minimize future storm damages. |
| 462 | Cities 2019 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Biological hazards > Insect infestation | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Increasing | Increasing | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Public health; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture | Persons with chronic diseases; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Medium | As the climate changes and temperatures rise, winters will become shorter and Ohio growing seasons could extend by 6 weeks. While potentially good for farmers and food production, it also impacts insects and agricultural pests. As CO2 levels increase, the nitrogen levels of plants fall—a crucial nutrient for most insects. This can cause pest attacks to be more severe as they eat more plants to gain more nitrogen. And with shorter winters, more of these agricultural nuisances will live longer. Extended periods of hotter weather could mean more ticks and mosquitos in Ohio, and therefore more global spread of infectious diseases and local spread of vector-borne diseases like Lyme. Some fungi and other pathogens are moving northward up to 4 miles per year. As Cincinnati heats up, the city will have to prepare for bigger populations of familiar and newly introduced pests. |
| 463 | Cities 2019 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 6 | Biological hazards > Air-borne disease | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for healthcare services | Increasing | Increasing | Short-term (by 2025) | Public health; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Emergency services | Persons with chronic diseases; Children & youth; Persons with disabilities; Elderly | High | As Cincinnati’s climate changes, there could be many changes that affect our daily health. Air quality deteriorates as hotter weather causes more pollutants—ozone and fine particles—which exacerbates respiratory conditions like asthma and chronic obtrusive pulmonary disease. As air pollution increases, so do negative cardiovascular outcomes like heart attacks and deep vein clots. As extreme temperatures become the new normal, Cincinnati could see heat-related deaths increase by 70-120% by the 2080’s. Additionally, the rise of heavy downpours and floods due to climate change will lead to more sewer overflows and wet basements. These events can cause mold to grow in homes and businesses, and transport disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and parasites. |
| 464 | Cities 2019 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 7 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for public services; Fluctuating socio-economic conditions | Increasing | Increasing | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Food & agriculture; Commercial; Public health | Low-income households; Elderly; Other: Farmers, construction workers, sanitation workers, etc. who work in outdoor conditions. | High | One of the chronic threats to agriculture from climate change in the Greater Cincinnati Area is crop loss. Rise in average temperatures will lead to longer frost-free seasons and other conditions that can increase crop yield (such as higher concentrations of atmospheric CO2), but this heat will also lead to severe drought and pest issues. Across the state of Ohio, summer drought severity is projected to increase by 50% by 2050. Lower, more erratic water levels and rising temperatures will cause inland Greater Cincinnati counties such as Butler and Warren to experience the worst droughts in the area. Hotter summers will create more high-risk working conditions for farmers, and cause crop ranges to migrate north (particularly for corn and soy, resulting in major economic output losses). Wetter springs, more flooding, and effects to quality of agricultural water resources will create more production unpredictability and lead to crop losses if farms are not prepared for severe events. |
| 465 | Cities 2019 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 8 | Mass movement > Landslide | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Increasing | Increasing | Short-term (by 2025) | Industrial; Land use planning; Commercial; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Cincinnati has a high risk for landslides due to both the geography of the area as well as the development of land. The city and surrounding area has one of the highest per-capita costs due to landslides in the U.S., especially since 2011.The city is especially susceptible to landslides along streams and valleys, because these areas have primarily silt and clay soils that result in bedrock failure. These failures primarily occur in areas dominated by shale, such as the Kope Formation and the Miamitown Shale. Hazard risk also increases in areas of development, where the land is disturbed due to construction and other activities. Landslides in recent years have increased due to increased rainfall and the hilly nature of the city. Columbia Parkway has been subject to multiple landslides in the last several years alone, which have resulted in road closures and structural damage costing millions of dollars. As landslides become more common, Cincinnati will continue to see damage to infrastructure and housing in residential areas, which increases risks to citizens and harms the strength of our economy. | |
| 466 | Cities 2019 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | Medium High | High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | None | None | Immediately | Emergency services; Residential; Transport | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Medium | While Cape Town is projected to receive less annual rainfall into the future, storm events due to cut-off low systems are projected to remain at approximately the same as current levels. Storm events due to mid-latitude cyclones are projected to decrease into the future due to the southward shift of these weather systems. However, flooding in Cape Town is primarily driven by high vulnerability due to poor drainage, high water tables, the presence of wetlands, and informality and sub-standard housing. This is expected to remain into the future and worsen as increasingly marginal land is informally occupied. |
| 467 | Cities 2019 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | High | Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased resource demand | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | Public health; Food & agriculture; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | High | Increased temperatures will have impact on various economic sectors, as it would likely lead to an increased need for cooling and refrigeration in summer, which could impact energy security and pricing. People are likely to be increasingly prone to the negative health effects of increased average and maximum temperatures, including higher mortality rates for elderly and chronically ill people. Higher temperatures could have effects on worker productivity, with knock on economic impacts.Heat stress on crop yields, rangeland and livestock productivity, can cause damage to agricultural productivity, which will affect Cape Town’s food production and supplies. This could increase the price of food and food scarcity, particularly for Cape Town’s most vulnerable communities. Heat often leads to an increase in water demand for e.g. watering gardens, filling swimming pools, with serious consequences should heat waves and drought co-occur. |
| 468 | Cities 2019 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | Medium | Medium | Other: Damage to roads and properties; Population displacement; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | None | None | Immediately | Public health; Residential; Emergency services | Persons living in sub-standard housing | Medium | Flooding is expected to remain at approximately the same levels as currently occur. Flooding has the following impacts: Places increased pressure on disaster relief systems; Damage to private and public infrastructure; Create challenges to stormwater systems in urban settlements; Increase soil erosion, river bank erosion and demands for protection structures; Impact on insurance coverage, pay-outs and premiums. |
| 469 | Cities 2019 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | High | High | Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased conflict and/or crime; Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other: Increased water costs | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | Water supply & sanitation; Residential; Public health | Children & youth; Elderly; Women & girls; Low-income households | High | Between 2015 and 2017 Cape Town experienced a severe drought. The impacts of this multi-year severe drought led in early 2018 to the unprecedented possibility that Cape Town and surrounds may run out water entirely. This was averted due to strong action taken by the City and citizens of Cape Town to conserve water. The potential impact of severe water shortages included the potential collapse of the city's wastewater and sanitation system due to a lack of water in the system, and the consequent health impacts thereof. The risk to human health through reduced capacity to carry out normal hygiene such as toilet flushing, bathing, and clothes washing also poses a risk to individual and public health. The impacts of drought on agriculture are serious, with consequent serious negative economic impacts. In the longer term, water scarcity could have negative effects on: Existing business processes, retention of existing businesses and future new investments, with associated impacts on job retention, job creation and economic growth; The quality of water and the state of rivers and wetland ecosystems, with less water available to flush these systems and with an increased potential for failure of City infrastructure, such as waste water treatment works, which rely on rainfall to dilute treated effluent, all leading to increased human health risks; Biodiversity, where flora and fauna might not survive and drying out of vegetation, which together with increased wind speeds could increase the frequency of wild fires; Water price increases, which could have a knock on effect to the economy and society |
| 470 | Cities 2019 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Wild fire > Forest fire | Yes | High | Medium | Other: Biodiversity loss; risk to buildings and human life; loss of recreational amenities and amenity value of natural spaces | Increasing | Increasing | Short-term (by 2025) | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Residential; Emergency services | Other: Those living at the interface between urban and natural areas | Medium | Forest fire here refers to wildfires generally. Cape Town does not contain significant forest ecosystems. Increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires could have a detrimental effect on lives, biodiversity, infrastructure, agriculture, and insurance. Homes and businesses close to natural areas and nature reserves are most at risk. High winds combined with hot and dry conditions created increased risk of wildfires. New wildfire management procedures are in place which have improved management of this risk. |
| 471 | Cities 2019 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 6 | Flood and sea level rise > Coastal flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium | Other: Damage to property and infrastructure in the coastal zone | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Residential | Other: Those living adjacent to the coast | Medium | Coastal flooding will lead to increasing damage to public infrastructure and private property. It will also result in coastal erosion and impact on estuaries. Coastal flooding will mostly affect already built-up areas of the coast, mostly middle to upper income suburbs. |
| 472 | Cities 2019 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 7 | Chemical change > Salt water intrusion | No | Do not know | Medium | Other: Reduced viability of groundwater resources for water security purposes | Do not know | Do not know | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Water supply & sanitation; Food & agriculture | Other: All groups as saltwater intrusion will negatively affect the viability of groundwater for water security purposes | Medium | Salt water intrusion into ground water, aquifers, and coastal wetlands is possible, although currently the likelihood is unknown. This is of concern as aquifers are regarded as one of the key future water supply sources for Cape Town. |
| 473 | Cities 2019 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 8 | Storm and wind > Storm surge | Yes | Medium | Medium | Other: Damage to coastal infrastructure and buildings | None | None | Immediately | Residential; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Emergency services | Other: Those living adjacent to the coastal zone | Medium | Storm surges will result in damage to public infrastructure and private property, as well as coastal erosion. |
| 474 | Cities 2019 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 9 | Storm and wind > Severe wind | Yes | High | Medium High | Other: Increased fire risk; damage to infrastructure | Increasing | Increasing | Short-term (by 2025) | Emergency services; Transport; Energy | Other; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Medium | Stronger winds, especially those associated with severe storms, pose risks due to trees and power lines being damaged. Damage to power lines can cause isolated areas of the city to be without electricity for days, depending on the severity of the damage. Stronger winds will have an impact on certain economic sectors, as this will affect the harbour, which is already not able to operate for a number of days a year due to high wind speeds. Increased wind in combination with drying and increased temperatures will significantly increase the risk and spread of wildfires and urban fires. |
| 475 | Cities 2019 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 10 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium | Medium | Other: Damage to infrastructure and dwellings; Population displacement | None | None | Immediately | Public health; Residential; Emergency services | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Medium | Flooding is expected to remain at approximately the same levels as currently occur. Flooding has the following impacts: Places increased pressure on disaster relief systems; Damage to private and public infrastructure; Create challenges to stormwater systems in urban settlements; Increase soil erosion, river bank erosion and demands for protection structures; Impact on insurance coverage, pay-outs and premiums. |
| 476 | Cities 2019 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 11 | Flood and sea level rise > Groundwater flood | Yes | Medium | Medium | Other: Damage to infrastructure and dwellings; Population displacement | None | None | Immediately | Public health; Emergency services; Residential | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Medium | Flooding is expected to remain at approximately the same levels as currently occur. Flooding has the following impacts: Places increased pressure on disaster relief systems; Damage to private and public infrastructure; Create challenges to stormwater systems in urban settlements; Increase soil erosion, river bank erosion and demands for protection structures; Impact on insurance coverage, pay-outs and premiums. |
| 477 | Cities 2019 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 12 | Storm and wind > Extra tropical storm | Yes | Medium | Medium High | Other: Damage to infrastructure and dwellings; Population displacement | Decreasing | None | Immediately | Residential; Emergency services; Transport | Persons living in sub-standard housing; Low-income households; Other: People living in high risk areas | Medium | Landfall of mid-latitude cyclones is expected to decrease in the future due to the southward shift of these weather systems. This will have a negative impact on the City's water resources. |
| 478 | Cities 2019 | 35859 | City of Cleveland, OH | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | No | Medium High | Medium High | Increased resource demand; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Increasing | Increasing | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Emergency services; Energy; Public health; Food & agriculture; Residential | Low-income households; Children & youth; Elderly | High | From 1956 to 2012, the average annual temperature in Cleveland increased by 2.4°F. Average temperatures in Cleveland are projected to increase 3.0°F by mid-century and 5.0°F by the end of century. These higher temperatures will increase the number of heat-related deaths, reduce water quality in Lake Erie, strain food systems, degrade air quality, and put pressure on native plants and animals. Warmer temperatures will reduce building heating loads, but these gains are more than offset by increased reliance on air-conditioning. Increasing intensity of heat waves also increases the chances of another blackout in Northeast Ohio. |
| 479 | Cities 2019 | 35859 | City of Cleveland, OH | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | No | High | Medium High | Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Land use planning; Water supply & sanitation | Medium | The amount of total annual precipitation in Cleveland has increased by 24.6% from 1951 to 2014. An increase in precipitation was observed in all four seasons, with the winter seeing the greatest percentage increase of 23.4% (1.7”). Moreover, the frequency and intensity of severe storms has increased. Cleveland has seen a 16.3% increase in the number of heavy precipitation events (49 storms from 1961 to 1990 compared to 57 storms from 1981 to 2010). The northeastern part of Ohio is projected to experience on the order of 2 more days of heavy precipitation (events greater than 1.25”) per year. Heavy precipitation events of more than 2” in a day (i.e., 24-hour period) are projected to increase by no more than one day (0.25 to 1 days) by mid-century and increase by slightly more (0.75 to 1.25 days) by end of century. Heavy rain and lake effect snow are expected to increase. This may cause flooding, combined sewer overflows, a reduction in river and stream quality, and higher maintenance costs. | |
| 480 | Cities 2019 | 35859 | City of Cleveland, OH | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | No | High | Medium High | Loss of traditional jobs; Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Population displacement; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | Land use planning; Transport; Residential; Tourism; Water supply & sanitation; Commercial; Emergency services | Low-income households | Do not know | From the 1961-1990 period to the 1981-2010 period, the amount of precipitation falling during the heaviest 1% of rain events increased by 22%. This trend means more flooding, which will exacerbate a range of risks to Lake Erie, including harmful algal blooms, an increased number of combined sewer overflows, and declining beach health. Homes in Northeast Ohio will also experience increased rates of flooding.Due to consistent heavy precipitation over the previous year, water levels in Lake Erie and Cuyahoga River are experiencing record highs in June 2019. This is already having serious impacts on the fishing industry, water-related tourism, recreation, development, and more. |
| 481 | Cities 2019 | 35860 | City of Dallas, TX | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | Other: Drainage and Infrastructure; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Medium | Dallas is located in the south central great plains region of North America. Droughts are historically common and can be severe. Water resources are critical for the health and prosperity of the City. As droughts become more frequent and more severe, the City must adapt and change to deal with the conditions. |
| 482 | Cities 2019 | 35860 | City of Dallas, TX | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | Medium High | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Other: Increased Mortality; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand | Increasing | Increasing | Short-term (by 2025) | Transport; Residential; Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons living in sub-standard housing | High | Clmate predictions suggest that Dallas will see a drastic increase in days above 100 F. There are also long term predictions that extreme summer temperatures may reach 120 F. In extreme heat many operations become limited. Infrasturcture is under stress, and the health of the community, particularly the old and young, is threatend. Water supplies will be severely stressed. |
| 483 | Cities 2019 | 35860 | City of Dallas, TX | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | Yes | Medium | Low | Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for public services | Increasing | Increasing | Short-term (by 2025) | Residential; Emergency services; Public health | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Low-income households | Medium | As conditions warm, diseases from warmer climates may become more prevalent in Dallas. Without cold winter weather, insects such as mosquitos will be more common and diseases carried by insects and other diseases will impact the community |
| 484 | Cities 2019 | 35860 | City of Dallas, TX | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased resource demand; Population displacement; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other: Loss of Life | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Other: Increased Mortality, Disruptions to Transportation and other infrastructure; Emergency services; Water supply & sanitation; Residential | Persons living in sub-standard housing; Other: Communities in low lying areas.; Marginalized groups | High | Dallas is subject to periodic flooding. Flooding causes property damage in low lying areas prone to flooding, and increasingly in areas not previously identified as being floodprone. Severe flooding and flash flooding can result in mortality. Climate change will result in increased intensity and frequency of flooding. Dallas has invested in improvements to levees/ pumping systems and local drainage systems to reduce the impact of flooding; however, many local neighborhoods remain vulnerable. |
| 485 | Cities 2019 | 35860 | City of Dallas, TX | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Other: Transportation; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for public services | Increasing | Increasing | Short-term (by 2025) | Emergency services; Residential; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Water supply & sanitation | Persons living in sub-standard housing; Marginalized groups; Other: Communities in low lying areas. | Medium | The Main Stem Trinity River flows through Dallas. Upstream on the Trinity there are four reservoirs for water supply and flood control. In 2015, the capacity was exceeded at all four reservoirs resulting in uncontrolled discharge and flooding. Dallas also has an extensive levee system that protects a majority of the City population. However, there are areas not protected by levees, and areas served by aging infrastructure that remain vulnerable to flooding. |
| 486 | Cities 2019 | 35862 | City of Detroit, MI | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Medium High | Medium High | Increasing | Increasing | Energy; Residential; Public health | Impact to vulnerable populations | |||||
| 487 | Cities 2019 | 35862 | City of Detroit, MI | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Medium High | Medium High | Increasing | Emergency services; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Impact to vulnerable populations | ||||||
| 488 | Cities 2019 | 35862 | City of Detroit, MI | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Extreme cold temperature > Extreme cold days | Medium | Do not know | Increasing | Impact to vulnerable populations | |||||||
| 489 | Cities 2019 | 35862 | City of Detroit, MI | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Extreme Precipitation > Heavy snow | Do not know | Do not know | Increasing | Impact to vulnerable populations | |||||||
| 490 | Cities 2019 | 35862 | City of Detroit, MI | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Do not know | Do not know | Increasing | Impact to vulnerable populations | |||||||
| 491 | Cities 2019 | 35863 | eThekwini Municipality | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | High | High | Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | Industrial; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Commercial; Residential; Public health; Food & agriculture; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitation; Waste management | Marginalized groups; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Unemployed persons | High | During the 2015 El Nino event, the sub-continent was very badly affected by drought and Durban was no exception. Stringent water rationing measures were introduced and agriculture in the KwaZulu Natal province suffered terribly. Subsistence crops were impacted in the City boundary. |
| 492 | Cities 2019 | 35863 | eThekwini Municipality | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | High | Medium High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased demand for healthcare services | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | Public health; Residential; Food & agriculture | Children & youth; Marginalized groups; Unemployed persons; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Low-income households | High | Given its sub-tropical climate and adjacency to a major western current boundary, Durban has very high humidity rates which are projected to increase with extreme hot days. Heat vulnerability index for Durban is highly correlated with social and economic conditions. |
| 493 | Cities 2019 | 35863 | eThekwini Municipality | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | High | High | Migration from rural areas to cities; Increased resource demand; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | Residential; Education; Commercial; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Energy; Emergency services; Industrial; Society / community & culture; Public health; Food & agriculture; Water supply & sanitation; Tourism; Transport; Waste management | Low-income households; Unemployed persons; Women & girls; Elderly; Indigenous population; Children & youth; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Marginalized groups; Persons with disabilities | High | There have been a number of local scale extreme downpours in recent years in Durban. Two stand out from the rest: October 2017, the south of Durban was badly impacted by a sharp downpour of 180mm over an 80 minute period resulting in a heavy localized flooding. on April 22nd, the City was deluged by a massive flooding event, with over 200mm recorded over a 24 hour period. Because this rainfall was over a large spatial extent and the over a long period, there was considerably more flooding with 70 people losing their lives and over R800 millionThe impacts experienced from flooding thus far have been indiscriminative, whole component of society were affected directly or indirectly. However, it is the City's more vulnerable, with little material means to recover and living in preciously located and built infrastructure, that are by far the worst impacted. Furthermore, given the location of a growing number of informal settlements in vulnerable locations, this is a serious risk and this include commercial and industrial sectors. |
| 494 | Cities 2019 | 35863 | eThekwini Municipality | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | High | High | Population displacement; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | Energy; Commercial; Residential; Tourism; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Transport; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitation; Emergency services; Public health; Waste management | Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Low-income households; Unemployed persons | High | There have been a number of local scale extreme downpours in recent years in Durban. Two stand out from the rest: October 2017, the south of Durban was badly impacted by a sharp downpour of 180mm over an 80 minute period resulting in a heavy localized flooding. on April 22nd, the City was deluged by a massive flooding event, with over 200mm recorded over a 24 hour period. Because this rainfall was over a large spatial extent and the over a long period, there was considerably more flooding with 70 people losing their lives and over R800 millionThe impacts experienced from flooding thus far have been indiscriminative, whole component of society were affected directly or indirectly. However, it is the City's more vulnerable, with little material means to recover and living in preciously located and built infrastructure, that are by far the worst impacted. Furthermore, given the location of a growing number of informal settlements in vulnerable locations, this is a serious risk and this include commercial and industrial sectors. |
| 495 | Cities 2019 | 35863 | eThekwini Municipality | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Storm and wind > Storm surge | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Population displacement; Increased resource demand; Increased demand for public services; Loss of tax base to support public services | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | Emergency services; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation; Transport; Commercial; Residential; Tourism | Other: Municipal infrastructure and high income properties | High | Durban has experienced unprecedented storm surge during March 2007. Various sectors including tourism has been affected. |
| 496 | Cities 2019 | 35863 | eThekwini Municipality | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 6 | Flood and sea level rise > Coastal flood | Yes | Medium High | High | Loss of tax base to support public services; Increased resource demand; Population displacement; Fluctuating socio-economic conditions | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | Residential; Tourism; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Emergency services; Transport; Waste management; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitation; Commercial | Indigenous population; Unemployed persons; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | High | |
| 497 | Cities 2019 | 35863 | eThekwini Municipality | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 7 | Biological hazards > Water-borne disease | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | Society / community & culture; Public health; Emergency services; Education; Food & agriculture; Tourism; Water supply & sanitation; Commercial; Waste management; Residential | Low-income households; Unemployed persons; Marginalized groups; Children & youth; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Elderly | High | |
| 498 | Cities 2019 | 35863 | eThekwini Municipality | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 8 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | No | Does not currently impact the city | Does not currently impact the city | Increasing | Increasing | Short-term (by 2025) | Society / community & culture; Food & agriculture; Residential; Tourism; Waste management; Emergency services; Commercial; Water supply & sanitation; Public health | Elderly; Unemployed persons; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Children & youth; Low-income households | High | ||
| 499 | Cities 2019 | 35863 | eThekwini Municipality | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 9 | Biological hazards > Air-borne disease | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | Commercial; Industrial; Tourism; Education; Food & agriculture; Public health; Society / community & culture; Emergency services; Residential | Persons living in sub-standard housing; Unemployed persons; Low-income households; Children & youth; Elderly; Marginalized groups | High | |
| 500 | Cities 2019 | 35864 | Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality | South Africa | Africa | Climate Hazards & Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | No | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Increasing | Increasing | Short-term (by 2025) | Public health; Commercial; Residential; Emergency services; Transport | Children & youth; Low-income households; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Women & girls; Marginalized groups | Medium |
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This dataset contains responses to question 2.1 on climate hazards as reported by local authorities through the 2019 CDP Cities questionnaire.
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