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2019 Cities Climate Hazards

Row numberQuestionnaire NameAccount NumberAccount NameCountryCDP RegionParentSectionSectionRowNumberClimate HazardsDid this hazard significantly impact your city before 2019?Current probability of hazardCurrent consequence of hazardSocial impact of hazard overallFuture change in frequencyFuture change in intensityWhen do you first expect to experience those changes?Most relevant assets / services affected overallPlease identify which vulnerable populations are affectedMagnitude of expected future impactPlease describe the impacts experienced so far, and how you expect the hazard to impact in the future
551Cities 201935878City of Sacramento, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards6
552Cities 201935879City of Minneapolis, MNUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot daysNoHighMediumIncreased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for healthcare servicesIncreasingIncreasingShort-term (by 2025)Energy; Society / community & culture; Public healthChildren & youth; Marginalized groups; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseasesLowExtreme hot days may lead to an increase in Heat-related illness; and if severe enough, power outages.
553Cities 201935879City of Minneapolis, MNUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Storm and wind > Lightning / thunderstormNoHighHighIncreased resource demandIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelyEnergy; Emergency services; Public healthPersons living in sub-standard housing; Marginalized groups; Persons with disabilities; Low-income householdsMediumPower outages
554Cities 201935879City of Minneapolis, MNUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Extreme Precipitation > Rain stormYesHighMedium LowIncreased resource demand; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illnessIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelyEmergency services; Public health; Water supply & sanitationLow-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Marginalized groups; Persons with disabilitiesMediumUrban flooding; Water quality and quantity impacts
555Cities 201935879City of Minneapolis, MNUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards4Storm and wind > Severe windNoHighMedium HighIncreased resource demandIncreasingIncreasingMedium-term (2026-2050)Emergency services; Public health; EnergyPersons living in sub-standard housingMediumPower outages; damage to infrastructure
556Cities 201935879City of Minneapolis, MNUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards5Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveNoHighMedium HighIncreased demand for public services; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demandIncreasingIncreasingShort-term (by 2025)Energy; Emergency services; Public healthPersons living in sub-standard housing; Low-income householdsMediumHeat-related illness; power outages
557Cities 201935879City of Minneapolis, MNUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards6Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface floodYesMediumMedium HighIncreased resource demand; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illnessIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelyEmergency services; Water supply & sanitation; TransportPersons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseasesMediumImpassable roads rerouting transportation and emergency vehicles; flood damage to homes resulting in mold or other health threats
558Cities 201935879City of Minneapolis, MNUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards7Water Scarcity > DroughtNoMediumMedium LowIncreased resource demand; Increased demand for public servicesIncreasingIncreasingMedium-term (2026-2050)Public health; Food & agriculture; Water supply & sanitationLowReduced water quality; less water for crops and increased demand for irrigation
559Cities 201935879City of Minneapolis, MNUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards8Biological hazards > Vector-borne diseaseNoMedium HighMediumIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased demand for public servicesIncreasingIncreasingMedium-term (2026-2050)Food & agriculture; Society / community & culture; Public healthChildren & youth; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Low-income households; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseasesMediumVector-borne disease
560Cities 201935880Municipality of Porto AlegreBrazilLatin AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveYesMediumMediumIncreased resource demandDo not knowDo not knowShort-term (by 2025)Public health; Energy; Food & agriculture; Water supply & sanitationIndigenous population; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Children & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases; Women & girls; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed personsMediumOs impactos sentidos até agora afetam a população na medida em que precisem de maior proteção. Ao mesmo tempo que há um aumento de consumo de energia para uso de ar-condicionado, além dos perigos à saúde, considerando o aumento da absorção de radiação quando expostos .
561Cities 201935880Municipality of Porto AlegreBrazilLatin AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Storm and wind > Severe windYesMediumMediumIncreased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; OtherDo not knowDo not knowShort-term (by 2025)Commercial; Transport; EnergyIndigenous population; Persons with chronic diseases; Unemployed persons; Elderly; Children & youth; Persons with disabilities; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Low-income householdsMediumOs impacto são de destruição de bens privados e públicos, como automóveis e danos em estabelecimentos de pequenos comerciantes, além de consequente queda de energia.
562Cities 201935883City of San José, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illnessIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelyEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Energy; ResidentialMarginalized groups; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Children & youthMediumA limited increase in the number of heat waves is expected by 2050. By 2100, between six and 10 more heat waves can be expected per year. Increased temperatures manifested as heat waves and sustained high heat days directly harm human health through heat-related illnesses (mild heat stress to fatal heat stroke) and the exacerbation of pre-existing conditions in the medically fragile, chronically ill, and vulnerable. Increased heat also intensifies the photo chemical reactions that produce smog and ground level ozone and fine particulates (PM2.5), which contribute to and exacerbate respiratory disease in children and adults. Increased heat and carbon dioxide enhance the growth of plants that produce pollen, which are associated with allergies. Increased temperatures add to the heat load of buildings in urban areas and exacerbate existing urban heat islands adding to the risk of high ambient temperatures.
563Cities 201935883City of San José, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot daysYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased demand for public services; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illnessIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelyEnergy; Residential; Environment, biodiversity, forestryChildren & youth; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Marginalized groups; Persons with chronic diseases; Low-income householdsMediumExtreme heat days and especially nights have become more frequent since 1950. Heat waves have been highly variable each year, but nighttime heat waves have shown a marked increase since the mid-1970s. During periods of extreme heat energy demand increases as more people rely on air conditioning to stay cool. Lack of air conditioning increases risk of illness or death in extreme heat events, which poses the greatest risk to the elderly; people with mental illness, chronic conditions, or low incomes; people who are homeless or incarcerated; and those experiencing social or health-related vulnerabilities.
564Cities 201935883City of San José, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Water Scarcity > DroughtYesHighHighIncreased resource demand; Migration from rural areas to citiesIncreasingIncreasingShort-term (by 2025)Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Residential; Water supply & sanitationLow-income households; Marginalized groupsHighOver the past 120 years, California has become increasingly dry. The most recent drought from 2012 to 2016 was the most extreme since instrumental records began. Drought decreases the availability and quality of water for humans. This includes reduced water levels to fight wildfires. Drought may increase exposure to health hazards including wildfires, dust storms, extreme heat events, land subsidence, increased water pollution, erosion, degraded water quality, and reduced water quantity, degradation of watersheds, and alteration of ecosystems and loss of habitat. It can also lead to the emergence of new contagious and vector-borne disease. Although San José significantly cut back on its water consumption during the community’s most recent drought, a rebound is expected, and demand will continue to grow in the absence of long-term measures. It is in the community’s interest to curb its water use to reduce the strain on the water supply and be prepared for future droughts.
565Cities 201935883City of San José, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards4Flood and sea level rise > River floodYesMedium HighMedium HighPopulation displacementIncreasingIncreasingShort-term (by 2025)Commercial; Residential; TransportLow-income households; Persons with disabilities; Elderly; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housingMediumSan Jose has three major rivers/creeks with numerous tributaries featuring various levels of flood control mitigation. While flood mitigation features continue to be installed over time, climate change is projected to increase flood volumes by 60 to 80% over the next 50 years. San José’s waterways have a history of flooding causing damage to private property and transportation infrastructure. Most recently in February 2017, the Coyote Creek flooded large areas of downtown San José causing $73 million in damages, including extensive damage in residential neighborhoods.
566Cities 201935883City of San José, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards5Flood and sea level rise > Coastal floodDo not knowMediumHighPopulation displacement; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsIncreasingIncreasingShort-term (by 2025)Waste management; Residential; Water supply & sanitationLow-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingDo not knowSea level rise threatens the South San Francisco Bay shoreline which includes parts of the City of San José. The residential community of Alviso, the San Jose-Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility (Facility), several solid waste facilities, a water purification facility and numerous other privately-owned industrial sites could all be subject to coastal flooding. The area also features extensive wildlife habitat.
567Cities 201935884City of San Diego, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards0
568Cities 201935885Tel Aviv-Yafo MunicipalityIsraelMiddle EastClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveNoHighHighIncreased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illnessIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelyFood & agriculture; Public health; CommercialChildren & youth; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilitiesHeat waves coupled with the humidity in Tel Aviv-Yafo amplify the urban heat island effect that enhances the effect. The heat waves make the city's public spaces and streets practically unusable, thus negatively effecting local businesses and urban living. The heatwaves also affect the city's sustainability, water quality, transportation system, biodiversity, telecommunication and electricity usage. The overload of air-conditioning on the electricity grid produces frequent power shortages.
569Cities 201935885Tel Aviv-Yafo MunicipalityIsraelMiddle EastClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot daysNoHighHighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demandIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelyPublic health; Commercial; Food & agricultureElderly; Persons with disabilities; Children & youth; Low-income householdsHighExtra hot days are an acute health hazard for both humans and animals.
570Cities 201935885Tel Aviv-Yafo MunicipalityIsraelMiddle EastClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Water Scarcity > DroughtNoHighMediumIncreased resource demand; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public servicesIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelyFood & agriculture; Public health; Water supply & sanitationPersons with disabilities; ElderlyHighMore intense droughts might cause drinking water supply problems and directly affect biodiversity.
571Cities 201935885Tel Aviv-Yafo MunicipalityIsraelMiddle EastClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards4Flood and sea level rise > River floodYesHighHighIncreased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelyTransport; Public health; CommercialLow-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingMediumImmediate danger for people and property, especially low socio-economy neighbourhoods, also the floods endanger animals in the city's environs.
572Cities 201935885Tel Aviv-Yafo MunicipalityIsraelMiddle EastClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards5Extreme Precipitation > Rain stormYesHighHighIncreased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsIncreasingImmediatelyPublic health; Residential; Food & agriculturePersons living in sub-standard housing; Low-income householdsHighIntense rain results in flooding, due to river overflow and blockage of the city's drainage system; overflow of rainwater flows directly to the sea causing pollution and flooding. Rainstorms affect residents and businesses and impact on living conditions.
573Cities 201935885Tel Aviv-Yafo MunicipalityIsraelMiddle EastClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards6Biological hazards > Insect infestationNoMedium LowMedium LowIncreased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased resource demand; Increased demand for healthcare servicesIncreasingIncreasingMedium-term (2026-2050)Food & agriculture; Public health; Water supply & sanitationPersons with chronic diseases; Elderly; Children & youthIncrease in temperature perpetrates insect infiltration causing disease both for humans and animals, water contamination and agricultural loss. These are expected to increase and amplify, bringing in new diseases and infestations.
574Cities 201935885Tel Aviv-Yafo MunicipalityIsraelMiddle EastClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards7Flood and sea level rise > Coastal floodNoLowHighIncreased demand for public services; Other: Collapse of businesses and commercial areas; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased conflict and/or crime; Population displacement; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsIncreasingIncreasingMedium-term (2026-2050)Tourism; Transport; CommercialHighTel-Aviv is a coastal city, the major impact will be on small to medium businesses along the coast.
575Cities 201935885Tel Aviv-Yafo MunicipalityIsraelMiddle EastClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards8Wild fire > Land fireNoMediumHighIncreased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public servicesIncreasingIncreasingMedium-term (2026-2050)Public health; Residential; Food & agricultureElderly; Persons with disabilities; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Low-income households; Children & youth; Persons with chronic diseasesHighLand fire coupled with hear waves pose an immediate danger for humans and animals harm to agriculture and for local businesses
576Cities 201935886Comune di TorinoItalyEuropeClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Flood and sea level rise > River floodYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacementIncreasingIncreasingMedium-term (2026-2050)Emergency services; Commercial; TransportElderly; Low-income households; Children & youthMediumThe main floods the city experienced in the past (1994, 2000 and 2016) caused damage to riverbank and water flooded some districts of the city. Several important bridges have been closed and river activities (sport and tourism) were stopped with consequences on relative infrastructures. The impacts were on commercial activities, transportation, inconveniences in the normal city routine and lifestyle. Some companies and factories interrupted their activities for days, with costs due to the productivity losses and damage to production infrastructures. The school system was suspended. Mobility and human well-being were heavly affected.We expect that in the future the risks will increase both in terms of frequency and intensity.
577Cities 201935886Comune di TorinoItalyEuropeClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface floodYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased risk to already vulnerable populationsIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelyResidential; Commercial; TransportElderly; Children & youth; Persons with disabilitiesHighSurface floods due to concentrate heavy rain events (embedded or not in a thunderstorm), often impredictable in advance in terms of location and exact timing, not well manage by the city drainage system, cause several temporary impacts. Transportation interruptions or delay, discomfort in the social life, damage to residential and commercial flooded areas. Some local damages to factories and public services suspensions. When the rain is associated with thunderstorm, hail and heavy winds affect the urban green infrastructure, mainly the arboreal heritage.We expect that in the future the risks will increase both in terms of frequency and intensity.
578Cities 201935886Comune di TorinoItalyEuropeClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveYesHighHighIncreased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased resource demand; Increased demand for healthcare servicesIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelyEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Industrial; Public healthElderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities; Persons with chronic diseases; Low-income households; Children & youth; Unemployed personsHighThe increase in the heatwaves frequency and intensity, is the climate risk connected to a high impact on elderly and weak (low income and lonely people). The city experience in the 2003 and 2015 an excess of mortality and morbidity in the over 65 years old class of about 33% and 25% respectively. The impacts were on the public health system and relative service costs, on the industrial processes (more fire due to very hot temperatures and difficulties in the water using for cooling). The heatwaves affect the green of the city, favoring the invasive plants (algae bloom in the rivers) and insects spread out. The human wellbeing was affected, with general discomfort for the people living in the city, transportation and social activities. The loss of productivity, not yet quantified, is another probable impact. Also energy blackouts can occur during heat waves period due to the high request for cooling. Sometimes ozone pollution is leaded by heat waves.At the moment no impacts were recorded on the fresh drinkable water but, considering the future scenarios, the city have to adopt measures to assure this service avoiding interruptions.We expect that in the future the risks will increase both in terms of frequency and intensity.
579Cities 201935887Ajuntament de ValenciaSpainEuropeClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards0
580Cities 201935887Ajuntament de ValenciaSpainEuropeClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveMedium HighHighIncreasingIncreasingEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Water supply & sanitationAumento de la temperatura media.
581Cities 201935887Ajuntament de ValenciaSpainEuropeClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Storm and wind > Tropical stormLowMediumDecreasingIncreasingWater supply & sanitation; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public healthLluvias torrenciales.
582Cities 201935887Ajuntament de ValenciaSpainEuropeClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Water Scarcity > DroughtHighHighIncreasingIncreasingPublic health; Water supply & sanitation; Environment, biodiversity, forestryDisminución de la precipitación media anual y aumento de sequías.
583Cities 201935893City of Dar es SalaamUnited Republic of TanzaniaAfricaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Flood and sea level rise > River floodYesHighHighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement; Increased demand for healthcare servicesDecreasingDecreasingShort-term (by 2025)Transport; Public health; Waste managementElderly; Women & girls; Persons with chronic diseases; Low-income households; Children & youth; Persons with disabilities; Indigenous population; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Unemployed personsMediumCalamities peoples live, housing destruction, bridge and roads damage and solid waste disposition
584Cities 201935893City of Dar es SalaamUnited Republic of TanzaniaAfricaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Biological hazards > Water-borne diseaseYesHighMediumIncreased risk to already vulnerable populations; Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased resource demandDecreasingDecreasingImmediatelyEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Waste management; Food & agriculture; Public health; Commercial; Emergency services; Residential; Water supply & sanitationLow-income households; Unemployed persons; Marginalized groups; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases; Women & girls; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities; Indigenous population; Children & youthMediumDestruction of of community routine livelihood.
585Cities 201935893City of Dar es SalaamUnited Republic of TanzaniaAfricaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Water Scarcity > DroughtNoDoes not currently impact the cityDoes not currently impact the cityIncreased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Population displacement; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Migration from rural areas to citiesDo not knowDo not knowTourism; Energy; Commercial; Industrial; Land use planning; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Water supply & sanitation; Emergency services; Waste management; Food & agriculture; Public health; Society / community & cultureLow-income households; Persons with chronic diseases; Women & girls; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Indigenous population; Elderly; Persons with disabilities; Marginalized groups; Unemployed persons; Children & youthDo not knowThe drought of 2006 damaged agricultural production, necessitated electricity cuts (and thus drops in industrial production) and cut GDP growth by 1%
586Cities 201935894Ville de Montreal, QCCanadaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Extreme Precipitation > Rain stormYesDo not knowMediumIncreasingIncreasingOtherDuring a heavy rainfall episode, once the network is saturated, runoff water can no longer enter and instead accumulates in lower points, which can cause flooding. Basements are particularly at risk of being flooded. Factors such as inadequate ground levelling and the presence of a garage entrance with a slope toward the house can result in the flooding of homes. Also, unprotected buildings can suffer from sewer backups. Building floods cause considerable economic losses. First, they result in costs related to property destruction and damages. Second, the increase in flood damages to buildings results in increased insurance premiums and can even sometimes reduce insurers’ coverage of this risk. Significant emotional or material losses can bring about psychological distress among victims. Also, flooded buildings are at a greater risk of developing mould, which can cause serious health problems, such as asthma and allergic reactions. Heavy rainwater runoff and floods in urban environments may also damage the road network, sewer systems (particularly retention basins, rainwater and combined sewers and pumping stations) and underground facilities, which can result in service outages depending on the service (electricity, telephone, Internet, and so forth). In addition to reducing people’s mobility in the area, floods have caused accidents and discomforts.Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, Service des infrastructures, de la voirie et du transport (Infrasctruture road and transport service), Service de la mise en valeur du territoire (land development service) and City of Montréal (19 boroughs) and the 15 related cities are affected.
587Cities 201935894Ville de Montreal, QCCanadaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveYesDo not knowMediumIncreasingIncreasingOtherPeriods of extreme heat cause people thermal stress, meaning cramps, fainting and heatstroke, which results in many hospitalizations. Extreme heat may even aggravate individuals’ frail condition and cause premature deaths. In the past 30 years, heat waves have been responsible for over 400 deaths in the Montréal agglomeration. Heat waves can also exacerbate the impacts of atmospheric pollution, aggravate health problems and restrict the practice of outdoor activities and sports. Vegetation is also vulnerable to heat waves, because extreme heat induces shocks, such as water stress, that can lead to illnesses; in turn, these problems increase the need for preventive maintenance and treatment. Heat waves, even brief ones, can diminish the populations of many insects. This may be positive in the case of harmful species, but unwanted in the case of species such as pollinators. The aquatic environment may also suffer during heat waves since heat waves give rise to cyanobacteria blooms. Extreme temperatures can affect or weaken the agglomeration’s infrastructures by impacting roads and arteries. Roadways that are heavily travelled and used by heavy vehicles may soften, deform and produce ruts under the weight of these vehicles. Extreme temperatures can also cause premature damages to structures’ expansion joints. Finally, heat waves often give rise to an increased demand for certain services, such as the use of swimming pools, wading pools and splash pads, and the extension of the business hours of airconditioned public buildings such as libraries and community centres.Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, Service des grands parcs, du verdissement et du Mont Royal (Large Parks, Greening and Mont Royal Service), Service de la mise en valeur du territoire (Land Development Service), City of Montréal (19 boroughs) and the 15 related cities are affected.
588Cities 201935894Ville de Montreal, QCCanadaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Water Scarcity > DroughtDo not knowMediumNoneIncreasingOtherThe impacts of droughts are mainly related to the settling of foundations, sidewalks, road surfaces and sewer lines that may occur when clay soils dry up. Droughts in urban settings mainly affect water quality due to a rise in temperature, a decline in dissolved oxygen concentrations, cyanobacteria blooms, eutrophication and an increased concentration of some pollutants. Droughts are also a source of water stress for plants, and may even kill them should the drought be a long one. This stress can also increase trees’ vulnerability to pests and pathogens. Drought periods are often accompanied by extreme heat that affects the level of air pollutants, such as dust and particles, as well as pollen, which is more easily airborne. The increase in airborne pollutants is believed to exacerbate the symptoms of respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses and contribute to degrading the health of people who are already frail. The operational impacts of drought particularly affect drinking water production and distribution networks. The increased demand for water can result in too much pressure on water treatment and purification equipment. Equipment’s adduction ability can also be impaired if water levels are very low, thus restricting the capacity of water production plants. Lastly, when there is limited rainfall, more street cleaning operations are required for streets to remain clean.Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, Service de l'eau (Water service), Service de la mise en valeur du territoire (Land Development Service), City of Montréal (19 boroughs) and the 15 related cities are affected.
589Cities 201935894Ville de Montreal, QCCanadaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards4Flood and sea level rise > River floodYesDo not knowMedium LowIncreasingDo not knowOtherWhenever the flow rate or level of a river exceeds a critical threshold, the river overflows, causing a flood. In an urban setting, floods result in damages to the built environment and especially to buildings located in floodplains. They also impact sewer systems. In a flood, the sewer systems may saturate more quickly, resulting in backedup sewers in buildings. Heavy floods may weaken overtaxed infrastructures and damage them. Spring floods may also cause damage to underground utilities (electricity, telephone, Internet, and so forth), which can lead to service outages. Also, floods cause premature erosion and destabilization of riverbanks. Eroded riverbanks drag sediment into the water, which may affect water quality. Spring floods also impact the health of the populations affected. Not only can they bring about gastrointestinal illnesses when people are in direct contact with flood waters, they can cause psychological trauma to people who incur major material losses. Moreover, flooded basements are subject to the proliferation of mould, which can result in serious health issues such as asthma and allergic reactions. Floods in an urban environment can make it more difficult to move around, close sections of roadways and slow down traffic. Tunnels and viaducts may be submerged, causing traffic problems and even endangering the lives of people trapped in their vehicles. Lastly, river floods require a major mobilization of the teams responsible for implementing emergency response measures.Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, 5 boroughs of the City of Montréal (Ahuntsic Cartierville, Îles-Bizard-Sainte-Geneviève, Montréal-Nord, Pierrefonds-Roxboro, Rivières-des-Pariries-Pointe-aux-Trembles) and two related cities (Senneville and Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue) are affected.
590Cities 201935894Ville de Montreal, QCCanadaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards5Do not knowMediumIncreasingIncreasingOtherOther hazard: destructive stormsStrong winds, freezing rain, hail and heavy snowfalls can all result in damages and wear on infrastructures and vegetation, which mainly consist of falling trees and branches, and damages to roofs or other components of the building envelope. Strong wind bursts can tear up or lift off certain elements of a house, for example its roof. Flying debris may hit and damage windows, window displays and façades, in addition to being a hazard for pedestrians. Heavy snowfalls and freezing rain can overload a roof structure and inflict damages. Storm disaster victims may suffer from psychological trauma. Destructive storms may also cause power outages. When outages occur in winter, citizens may have to leave their homes in search of warmth; in the home, they may suffer from carbon monoxide poisoning if they use heating or cooking devices indoors that are designed for outdoor use. Other direct consequences of power outages include the stoppage of home medical equipment and an increase in food poisoning when refrigerators and freezers stop working. The damages inflicted on lights or traffic signs, as well as the snow, ice or debris on the ground, can disrupt road traffic and pedestrian movement. The environmental impacts of destructive storms in an urban milieu mainly affect the vegetation, particularly in terms of uprooting trees or breaking their trunks and branches, which renders them more vulnerable to insects and diseases. Destructive storms increase pressure on service teams providing road maintenance (snow removal and road salting), tree maintenance and first response.Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, 19 boroughs of the City of Montréal and 15 related cities as well as Service de l'eau (Water Service) are affected.
591Cities 201935894Ville de Montreal, QCCanadaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards6YesDo not knowMedium LowIncreasingIncreasingOtherOther hazard: higher average temperatures. Higher average temperatures have an impact on different seasons. They cause a longer summer and a shorter winter, among other things, which in turn have repercussions on various parameters related to climate.The effects of higher average temperatures on the built environment are mainly observed in the wintertime. The increased number of freezethaw cycles entails an accelerated deterioration of the roadway system (potholes). It also accelerates wear on bridges, tunnels and overpasses. Higher average temperatures also impact the growth rate and geographical distribution of some harmful insect species , which may result in more frequent infestations frequencies and intensified damages to plants. An increase of a few degrees can generate drastic changes in plant biology, which may alter species’ distribution areas and could stimulate the growth of undesirable plant species. Plant pathogens are also more likely to survive milder winters, which favour the expansion of their distribution area. Pathogenic species that cannot survive in current conditions could eventually attack plants in our region. Higher average summer temperatures could extend allergenic plants’ pollen production season, which can result in greater health problems for people who have allergies. The increase in average temperatures is also causing a northward migration of vectorborne pathogen animal populations; in recent years, we have observed an increase in the occurrence of Lyme disease and West Nile virus (WNV).Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, Service des grands parcs, du verdissement et du Mont Royal (Parks Service), Service des infrastructures, de la voirie et des transports (infrastructure, roads and transport Service), City of Montréal (19 boroughs) and the 15 related cities are affected.
592Cities 201935897Municipality of CampinasBrazilLatin AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot daysYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelyEmergency services; Public health; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Water supply & sanitationElderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseasesHighAumento da incidência de doenças; desconforto térmico nas populações sem condições de dispositivos de mitigação; impactos na agricultura.
593Cities 201935897Municipality of CampinasBrazilLatin AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Biological hazards > Vector-borne diseaseYesHighHighIncreased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for healthcare servicesIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelyPublic health; Emergency services; Waste management; Environment, biodiversity, forestryLow-income households; Marginalized groups; Children & youth; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housingHighIncreased cases of vector-borne diseases
594Cities 201935897Municipality of CampinasBrazilLatin AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Flood and sea level rise > River floodYesMedium HighHighPopulation displacement; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for public servicesDecreasingDecreasingImmediatelyCommercial; Emergency services; Industrial; Residential; Water supply & sanitation; Transport; Environment, biodiversity, forestryLow-income households; Children & youth; Elderly; Marginalized groups; Women & girls; Persons living in sub-standard housingMediumIncreased likelihood of floods; impact on agricultural production; material losses, troubles in public and private transportation.
595Cities 201935897Municipality of CampinasBrazilLatin AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards4Water Scarcity > DroughtYesHighHighIncreased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Migration from rural areas to cities; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for healthcare servicesIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelyPublic health; Water supply & sanitation; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Emergency services; Food & agricultureElderly; Children & youth; Low-income householdsHighIncreased likelihood of fires and wildfires; increased incidence of respiratory diseases; impact on agricultural production; shortage of water supply
596Cities 201935897Municipality of CampinasBrazilLatin AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards5Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface floodYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illnessDecreasingDecreasingImmediatelyLand use planning; Transport; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; ResidentialMediumIncreased likelihood of floods; impact on agricultural production; material losses, troubles in public and private transportation.
597Cities 201935897Municipality of CampinasBrazilLatin AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards6Wild fire > Land fireYesMedium HighHighIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsNoneNoneImmediatelyEmergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public healthChildren & youth; ElderlyHighIncreased likelihood of fires and wildfires; increased incidence of respiratory diseases; impact on agricultural production.
598Cities 201935897Municipality of CampinasBrazilLatin AmericaClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards7Mass movement > LandslideYesLowLowIncreased risk to already vulnerable populations; Increased demand for public servicesDecreasingDecreasingImmediatelyResidential; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Waste managementLow-income householdsLowDeslizamento de terra em áreas de risco com ocupação irregular de moradias.
599Cities 201935898Greater ManchesterUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandEuropeClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveNoMedium LowMedium LowIncreased resource demand; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsIncreasingIncreasingMedium-term (2026-2050)Residential; Education; Emergency services; Public health; Society / community & cultureChildren & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseasesMediumAlthough heat waves and extreme hot days are extremely rare in GM in the present day, climate change projections indicate that they will become more common in the future. indeed, in the period 1945-1969 there were 2 heat stress incidents in GM. this rose to 10 in the period 1994-2017. as part of the GM Critical infrastructure risk assessment, using projected climate change (developed under the EcoCities project) for a 2050’s high GHG emissions scenario, projections suggest:-summer mean daily maximum temperature: + 5.6°C- Warmest day in summer: + 6°C- Warmest night in summer: + 4.4°C It is important to ntoe that there is a geographic element to this hazard. under the Ecocities project (Cavan 2010) 3 climate zones were defined for GM. The increases of heat stress (and max temp) is most prevalent for for GM’s Mersey Basin zone. This increases the risk of negative impacts linked to high temperatures, such as negative health effects and reductions in the productivity of employees. this is particularly important due to economic activity concentrated in the city region core (and the Mersey basin zone) and the prevalence of vulnerable groups (deprived, health impacted, young and elderly) in the spatial locations projected to suffer the worse increases as well as urban heat island effect as a forcing factor on top.Therefore, the spatial pattern of GM’s urban heat island demonstrates that certain areas, generally those where development density is at its highest, are more likely to suffer from negative impacts as a result. There is also an equality dimension to heat stress. For example, looking at GM’s housing development types, there is greater potential exposure to heat stress in more deprived areas. In effect, groups that are vulnerable to heat stress, due to factors including poverty and poor health, show the highest potential exposure to this climate change impact.
600Cities 201935898Greater ManchesterUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandEuropeClimate Hazards & VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot daysYesMedium LowMedium LowIncreased demand for public services; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsIncreasingIncreasingMedium-term (2026-2050)Society / community & culture; Emergency services; Education; Public health; ResidentialPersons with chronic diseases; Elderly; Children & youthDo not knowAlthough heat waves and extreme hot days are extremely rare in GM in the present day, climate change projections indicate that they will become more common in the future. indeed, in the period 1945-1969 there were 2 heat stress incidents in GM. this rose to 10 in the period 1994-2017. as part of the GM Critical infrastructure risk assessment, using projected climate change (developed under the EcoCities project) for a 2050’s high GHG emissions scenario, projections suggest:-summer mean daily maximum temperature: + 5.6°C- Warmest day in summer: + 6°C- Warmest night in summer: + 4.4°C It is important to ntoe that there is a geographic element to this hazard. under the Ecocities project (Cavan 2010) 3 climate zones were defined for GM. The increases of heat stress (and max temp) is most prevalent for for GM’s Mersey Basin zone. This increases the risk of negative impacts linked to high temperatures, such as negative health effects and reductions in the productivity of employees. this is particularly important due to economic activity concentrated in the city region core (and the Mersey basin zone) and the prevalence of vulnerable groups (deprived, health impacted, young and elderly) in the spatial locations projected to suffer the worse increases as well as urban heat island effect as a forcing factor on top.Therefore, the spatial pattern of GM’s urban heat island demonstrates that certain areas, generally those where development density is at its highest, are more likely to suffer from negative impacts as a result. There is also an equality dimension to heat stress. For example, looking at GM’s housing development types, there is greater potential exposure to heat stress in more deprived areas. In effect, groups that are vulnerable to heat stress, due to factors including poverty and poor health, show the highest potential exposure to this climate change impact.

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Profile Picture Amy Bills

created Nov 16 2021

updated Nov 16 2021

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This dataset contains responses to question 2.1 on climate hazards as reported by local authorities through the 2019 CDP Cities questionnaire.

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