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2020 Cities Climate Hazards
| Row number | Questionnaire Name | Account Number | Account Name | Country | CDP Region | Parent Section | Section | Row Number | Row Name | Climate Hazards | Did this hazard significantly impact your city before 2020? | Current probability of hazard | Current magnitude of hazard | Social impact of hazard overall | Most relevant assets / services affected overall | Please identify which vulnerable populations are affected | Future change in frequency | Future change in intensity | Future expected magnitude of hazard | When do you first expect to experience those changes in frequency and intensity? | Please describe the impacts experienced so far, and how you expect the hazard to impact in the future |
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| 451 | Cities 2020 | 35274 | City of Portland, ME | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of tax base to support public services | Commercial; Emergency services; Transport | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Damage to public and private infrastructure and property, impacts to transportation | |
| 452 | Cities 2020 | 35274 | City of Portland, ME | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 6 | Chemical change > Ocean acidification | No | High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Loss of traditional jobs | Commercial; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture | Other, please specify: Individuals employed as seafood harvesters or processors, many are low income, POC, or immigrants. | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Negatively impacts fisheries and ocean based industries, which are key components of the local economy. | |
| 453 | Cities 2020 | 35274 | City of Portland, ME | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 7 | Storm and wind > Storm surge | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Transport | Low-income households; Marginalized groups | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Damage to public and private infrastructure and private property, disruptions to commerce and transportation | |
| 454 | Cities 2020 | 35393 | City of St Louis | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme cold temperature > Cold wave | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Public health | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Unemployed persons | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | St. Louis is not an area of particular concern for extended periods of extreme cold temperatures, but rather more volatile weather, such as coldwaves and extreme weather events. High levels of mortality due to cold weather is often more severe in temperate regions than in colder regions because the former do not have the built environment to adapt to extreme cold. Cold waves are very dangerous for the vulnerable members of St. Louis' population, including the elderly and children. The aging population has an increased vulnerability to severe cold weather events. Increased mortality, as well as, rates of respiratory and cardiovascular disease associated with cold spells is stronger in those aged 65 and older. Older citizens also account for almost half of hypothermia-induced deaths in St. Louis. About 10-15 deaths per year have occurred due to hypothermia in St. Louis, though temperature related outcomes are difficult to measure, due to the many other risk factors for disease and thus may be understated. Individuals with pre-existing health conditions, including metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, are more susceptible to physical changes in the body due to cold weather. Those with chronic respiratory diseases are at increased risk of death during extreme weather conditions. In St. Louis City, 45.1 deaths out of 100,000 persons were attributed to chronic respiratory diseases, more than the United States average of 40.1 deaths out of 100,000 persons, for the years 2011-2015.97 These subgroups also tend to have increased difficulty accessing health care and public health infrastructure during extreme weather events. North St. Louis and other areas of the City have high percentages of low income populations that may live in sub-standard housing, not have the financial ability to afford consistent heating, regular housing, medical treatment, or warm clothing during cold months, which will make them more susceptible to hypothermia, respiratory disease, and cardiac events. Business and school closures during extreme cold or snow/ice also have negative economic impacts on individuals that depend on those jobs for income. | |
| 455 | Cities 2020 | 35393 | City of St Louis | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Food & agriculture; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | The St. Louis area rarely experienced drought in the past, however, has experienced drought approximately three times in the past twenty years, in 2005, 2012 and 2018. Drought in St. Louis is projected to happen more frequently in the future as the climate changes and extreme weather becomes more severe. Those who will be the most vulnerable to increased frequency and severity of drought are African Americans living below the poverty line. Poor housing quality and infrastructure plus financial instability place impoverished people of color in a more dangerous situation when hazards like drought occur. The impacts of drought on human health are broad, ranging from immediate compromised water quality to long-term diminished living conditions related to energy, air quality, and hygiene. Although many of the effects of drought are indirect, various social, environmental, and healthfactors are severely complicated during periods of drought. Considerations should be made for malnutrition, and water-related diseases in the region. | |
| 456 | Cities 2020 | 35393 | City of St Louis | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | The effects of extreme heat are predicted to grow. On average, St. Louis experiences four more heat waves each summer than it has in the past. Since 1970, the number of extreme heat days in St. Louis has increased by 6.4 days. By 2030, St. Louis is expected to experience 46 danger days, and 63 danger days by 2050. Higher urban temperatures are associated with higher levels of air pollution and greenhouse gases, like ground-level ozone, which exacerbate asthma and other respiratory diseases. Asthma is the number one reason for hospitalization of St. Louis children at St. Louis Children’sHospital. In 2015, the rate of asthma-related emergency room visits among African American children was 8.5 times greater than that of White children. | |
| 457 | Cities 2020 | 35393 | City of St Louis | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Extreme cold temperature > Extreme winter conditions | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Public health | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | St. Louis is not an area of particular concern for extended periods of extreme cold temperatures, but rather more volatile weather, such as coldwaves and extreme weather events. High levels of mortality due to cold weather is often more severe in temperate regions than in colder regions because the former do not have the built environment to adapt to extreme cold. Cold waves are very dangerous for the vulnerable members of St. Louis' population, including the elderly and children. The aging population has an increased vulnerability to severe cold weather events. Increased mortality, as well as, rates of respiratory and cardiovascular disease associated with cold spells is stronger in those aged 65 and older. Older citizens also account for almost half of hypothermia-induced deaths in St. Louis. About 10-15 deaths per year have occurred due to hypothermia in St. Louis, though temperature related outcomes are difficult to measure, due to the many other risk factors for disease and thus may be understated. Individuals with pre-existing health conditions, including metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, are more susceptible to physical changes in the body due to cold weather. Those with chronic respiratory diseases are at increased risk of death during extreme weather conditions. In St. Louis City, 45.1 deaths out of 100,000 persons were attributed to chronic respiratory diseases, more than the United States average of 40.1 deaths out of 100,000 persons, for the years 2011-2015.97 These subgroups also tend to have increased difficulty accessing health care and public health infrastructure during extreme weather events. North St. Louis and other areas of the City have high percentages of low income populations that may live in sub-standard housing, not have the financial ability to afford consistent heating, regular housing, medical treatment, or warm clothing during cold months, which will make them more susceptible to hypothermia, respiratory disease, and cardiac events. Business and school closures during extreme cold or snow/ice also have negative economic impacts on individuals that depend on those jobs for income. | |
| 458 | Cities 2020 | 35393 | City of St Louis | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Food & agriculture; Land use planning; Public health; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | According to Climate Central, Missouri is among the top ten states with the biggest increases in heavy downpours, with an increase of 36 percent compared to 1950-1959. More than an inch can rain in a short amount of time quickly overwhelms the 100+ year old combined sewer systems that exist throughout much of the City, when in turn leads to water back up into streets and in basements of homes. | |
| 459 | Cities 2020 | 35393 | City of St Louis | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 6 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Energy; Food & agriculture; Land use planning; Public health; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | According to Climate Central, Missouri is among the top ten states with the biggest increases in heavy downpours, with an increase of 36 percent compared to 1950-1959. Extreme storm water flooding issues in the City caused the EPA to require the Metropolitan Sewer District to spend $100 million on green infrastructure, as a part of a 2011 settlement of a Clean Water Act lawsuit with the Environmental Protection Agency and the Missouri Coalition for the Environment. Major flooding that occurred in the St. Louis region (just south of the City) during the winter of 2016 caused a sewage overflow of about 200 million gallons, one of the largest in the United States over the last couple years. In 2015 and 2017, flooding near the City shutdown two major highways (44 & 55) that lead to the City. | ||
| 460 | Cities 2020 | 35393 | City of St Louis | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 7 | Storm and wind > Tornado | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of tax base to support public services; Population displacement | Energy; Information & communications technology | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Do not know | Medium | Immediately | Missouri is located within “Tornado Alley,” an area of the Midwestern and Southern United States where tornadoes most frequently occur. The City of St. Louis is at a high risk for tornado impact. In the half century between 1950 to 2006, there were three recorded tornadoes within the City of St. Louis.135 In contrast, during the decade between 2007 and 2017, there were four tornadoes recorded within city limits. Overall, vulnerability to tornadoes is moderate in City of St. Louis. Although the City has low numbers of mobile homes (structures most vulnerable), the City does have high concentrations of low-income and elderly, both of which may have lower ability to respond to warnings. These populations are also less likely to have property insurance. Power outages caused by high winds or tornadoes has caused some individuals to use other alternative sources of energy that might increase respiratory asphyxiation and carbon-monoxide poisonings. In addition, windstorms pose a significant risk of death and morbidity due to electrocution. | |
| 461 | Cities 2020 | 35449 | Stadt Zürich | Switzerland | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | No | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services | Commercial; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Other, please specify: Outdoor Workers; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | The city of Zurich has experienced an increase in the number of warm days (+30 Celsius degrees ) and tropical nights (+20 Celsius degrees). According to the forecasts until the year 2040 the number of warm days should increase from 22 to 44 and the number of warm nights from 20 to 50. We expect in the future: impairment of human health, in particular of sensitive groups such as the elderly or weakened persons and children; performance degradation at work; increase in cooling energy requirements; degradation of soil, water and air quality; impairment of biodiversity (heat stress). | |
| 462 | Cities 2020 | 35449 | Stadt Zürich | Switzerland | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Storm and wind > Lightning / thunderstorm | No | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Land use planning | Children & youth; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | So far the city of Zurich has not experienced significant impacts due to increased heavy rains. However, due to the trend towards increasing intensive precipitation in the greater Zurich area, a future increase in landslides on slopes and the increase the risk of flooding can be assumed. Incresed damage to the constrictions are expected. | |
| 463 | Cities 2020 | 35449 | Stadt Zürich | Switzerland | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | No | Medium Low | Medium Low | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | So far the city of Zurich has not experienced significant impacts due floods events. The expected increase in heavy precipitation events and floods can lead to landslides, erosion and flooding lead. This affects in particular buildings on slopes and along watercourses where damage to the building may be caused. Extreme events such as floods can result in injuries and deaths. Possible impact on drinking water quality with negative impact on human health. | |
| 464 | Cities 2020 | 35449 | Stadt Zürich | Switzerland | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Water Scarcity > Drought | No | Medium Low | Medium Low | Increased demand for healthcare services | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | So far the city of Zurich has not experienced significant impacts due periods of drought. Longer and more intense droughts are expected in the future for the entire greater Zurich area, especially in the summer. Possible impact on drinking water quality with negative impact on human health. Stress for the local flora and fauna, thus increasing the need for maintenance and irrigation of open spaces. Soil settlement, which can cause damage to the building material. Energy production or water for firefighting. Harvest losses on farms in the city and the risk of forest fires can increase. | |
| 465 | Cities 2020 | 35449 | Stadt Zürich | Switzerland | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | Medium | Medium Low | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | Medium Low | Immediately | More road floadings > more emergency services and coordination required. | |
| 466 | Cities 2020 | 35449 | Stadt Zürich | Switzerland | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 6 | Wild fire > Forest fire | No | Low | Low | Increased demand for public services | Environment, biodiversity, forestry | Other, please specify: All | Increasing | Increasing | Medium Low | Short-term (by 2025) | More regional planning and coordination is necessary. More material must be purchased. | |
| 467 | Cities 2020 | 35449 | Stadt Zürich | Switzerland | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 7 | Biological hazards > Insect infestation | Yes | Low | Low | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Commercial; Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential; Tourism | Other, please specify: All | Increasing | Increasing | Low | Short-term (by 2025) | New species habe invaded (Asiatische Buschmücke, plants, animals) > more health consequences, more maintenance of green spaces is nesserary. | |
| 468 | Cities 2020 | 35475 | City of Calgary | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | High | Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Law & order; Public health; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Outdoor workers; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Climate change will significantly impact the frequency, duration, and intensity of heat waves in Calgary. This may increase heat-related illnesses and fatalities, especially for outdoor workers, people with health conditions, children and seniors. Heat waves can also result in increased electricity demand for cooling, which can lead to brownouts during periods of peak demand, further increasing health risks. Additional impacts include reduced ground-level air quality, reduced water quality, increased odours from waste and waste facilities, and heat-expansion damage to steel structures and infrastructure such as rail tracks and roadways. | |
| 469 | Cities 2020 | 35475 | City of Calgary | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | High | Medium High | Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Energy; Law & order; Public health; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Outdoor workers; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Climate change will significantly impact the frequency, duration, and intensity of heat waves in Calgary. This may increase heat-related illnesses and fatalities, especially for outdoor workers, people with health conditions, children and seniors. Heat waves can also result in increased electricity demand for cooling, which can lead to brownouts during periods of peak demand, further increasing health risks. Additional impacts include reduced ground-level air quality, reduced water quality, increased odours from waste and waste facilities, and heat-expansion damage to steel structures and infrastructure such as rail tracks and roadways. | |
| 470 | Cities 2020 | 35475 | City of Calgary | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Extreme Precipitation > Heavy snow | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Other, please specify: Infrastructure; Public health; Society / community & culture; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Winter is projected to have the most significant seasonal increase in precipitation for Calgary, falling as a mix of snow and rain. As the climate warms and more moisture can be held in the atmosphere, individual winter storms will become heavier with more snowfall per storm. Ice storms, like those experienced in eastern Canada today, will also begin to occur in Calgary. Ice storms in particular can damage infrastructure and cause power failure (e.g. downing of overhead powerlines), increase the change of multi-day service disruptions, and result in more injuries due to increased traffic accidents, or slipping and falling. The latter is a particular concern as Calgary’s population ages and is more at risk of serious injury due to falls. In the event of a multi-day disruption to public services, citizens may be at risk if they cannot access ambulance and fire services. | |
| 471 | Cities 2020 | 35475 | City of Calgary | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Extreme cold temperature > Extreme winter conditions | Yes | Medium High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Other, please specify: Utilities, infrastructure; Public health; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Extreme cold temperatures leading to increased health risk for vulnerable population. Increased freeze-thaw cycle, leading to weather related damages to infrastructure and assets (public and private). Increased severity of extreme winter conditions, leading to damage to infrastructure and assets (public and private). Freezing precipitation in the form of freezing rain and drizzle, resulting in ice accretion on exposed surfaces, requires even more specific conditions to occur. Freezing precipitation requires the presence of an elevated layer of warmer air above 0°C, deep enough to melt falling precipitation, but with sub-zero surface conditions sufficient to cool liquid precipitation and cause it to freeze on contact with and accumulate on surfaces such as trees and overhead communication and electrical infrastructure. Data recorded at Calgary International Airport already suggests these events appear to be an emerging hazard for the region; one that infrastructure in southern Alberta is not designed to withstand. | |
| 472 | Cities 2020 | 35475 | City of Calgary | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Wild fire > Land fire | Yes | Medium Low | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Industrial; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Calgary is less exposed to physical damage from local wildfires than communities like Fort McMurray or Waterton due to the limited amount of forest in close proximity to the city. However, Calgary is on the fringe of the Canadian prairie which can become very dry. Calgary has experienced multiple grass fires, such as those on Nose Hill, and some communities in Calgary adjacent to urban forests and grassland areas have an elevated risk from wildfires.Wildfires upstream along the Elbow and Bow Rivers could also impact drinking water supply and quality for years after a fire due to wildfire’s tendency to destroy natural features that assist in protecting water sources from runoff contamination (chemicals, erosion and turbidity). | |
| 473 | Cities 2020 | 35475 | City of Calgary | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 6 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of tax base to support public services; Loss of traditional jobs; Migration from rural areas to cities | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Agriculture workers; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | The consequences of a multi-year drought are far reaching. In addition to the impact on local agriculture, droughts affect the health of plants, wildlife, wetlands, forests, parks, open spaces, recreational facilities and private yards. Drying out of forests increases the risk of wildfires, which impact both local air quality and even water quality if they occur upstream of the source of Calgary’s water supply. Trees and plants also become more susceptible to pest and disease outbreaks (e.g. pine beetles) since lack of water can stress trees, limiting their ability to react to these attacks.Alberta has a large farming and ranching community, and multi-year droughts could impact income of these families, and possibly lead to migration of rural people to the cities. | |
| 474 | Cities 2020 | 35475 | City of Calgary | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 7 | Storm and wind > Lightning / thunderstorm | Yes | High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Information & communications technology; Public health; Society / community & culture; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Consequences of these storms vary depending on their nature. Heavy rainfall causes significant and costly damage to building foundations, drainage systems and personal property, erosion and compromised slope stability, and potential loss of power. Lightning would damage buildings and supporting infrastructure. Streets and pathways would become unsafe or impassable, trees would be damaged, powerlines downed, and localized flooding would occur due to storm drains being blocked by debris. Calgary is currently the hail capital of Canada. Hail would have similar consequences plus more damage to personal property primarily vehicles, building envelopes and items stored outdoors. These storms can also cause blockage in drainage systems, causing localized flooding. Calgary and southern Alberta are also already impacted by severe lightning and thunderstorms each year and more frequent storms increases the risk of more frequent hail/lightning/thunderstorms. The Insurance Bureau of Canada indicates that insurance premiums for homes and cars are increasing due to extreme weather. | |
| 475 | Cities 2020 | 35475 | City of Calgary | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 8 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Information & communications technology; Other, please specify: Infrastructure and utilities infrastructure; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Heavy rainfall causes significant and costly damage to building foundations, drainage systems and personal property, erosion and compromised slope stability, potential loss of power, increasing run-off leading to decrease in surface water quality and temporary surface flooding. Calgary and southern Alberta are also already impacted by severe rain storm each year. | |
| 476 | Cities 2020 | 35475 | City of Calgary | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 9 | Extreme Precipitation > Hail | Yes | High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Information & communications technology; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Increased severity and frequency of hail storms, leading to damaged infrastructure and assets (public and private). Calgary is already the "hail capital" of Canada, with many insurance claims for damage to households and automobiles each year. | |
| 477 | Cities 2020 | 35475 | City of Calgary | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 10 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | Medium | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of tax base to support public services; Population displacement | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Information & communications technology; Land use planning; Law & order; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Major river flooding in Calgary can be triggered by a range of climate changes including intense summer storms, rain-on-snow, ice jamming, or combinations of all these events. These events all increase river and water table levels, leading to overland or groundwater flooding. Although these floods can last only a few days, the flood impacts on people and communities can remain for months to years. Some of the more significant impacts of floods include injuries and the risk of fatalities, power outages, dislocation of residents from their homes and communities, service disruptions, stormwater backups and basement flooding, costly damage to buildings and infrastructure, and long-term changes to rivers including erosion and reduced river bank stability. The City of Calgary has been addressing the risk of river flooding since the major flood of 2013, through mitigation actions such as river bank engineering, riparian restoration, redesign of storm-water outfalls, construction of berms, and flood gates in high-risk areas. | |
| 478 | Cities 2020 | 35475 | City of Calgary | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 11 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Indigenous population; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Leading to personal loss of property and belongings, temporary or long term homelessness and psychosocial effects. Damage to private and public property and interrupting transportation. Increased run-off leading to decrease in surface water quality. Increased likelihood of flooded roads leading to hazardous driving conditions. Some of the more significant impacts of floods include injuries and the risk of fatalities, power outages, dislocation of residents from their homes and communities, service disruptions, stormwater backups and basement flooding, costly damage to buildings and infrastructure. | |
| 479 | Cities 2020 | 35475 | City of Calgary | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 12 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | Yes | High | Low | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Society / community & culture; Tourism | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Outdoor workers | Increasing | None | Medium Low | Medium-term (2026-2050) | With higher average temperatures, this can create ideal conditions for pest and disease outbreaks. This can directly impact people’s health as new diseases migrate further north, as has already been seen with Lyme disease, Zika, and the West Nile virus. Outdoor workers and those who enjoy outdoor activities will be most at risk. Growth of invasive species, such as the pine beetle, can wipe out entire forests, with potential impacts to the food chain and local wildlife, as well as negative impacts on forestry and tourism. Pine beetle killed trees can lead to extreme risk of forest fires, which have affected Alberta and BC communities already. | |
| 480 | Cities 2020 | 35475 | City of Calgary | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 13 | Storm and wind > Severe wind | Yes | High | Low | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services | Commercial; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Information & communications technology; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | None | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Consequences of high winds include exposing City populations to injury and fatality risk from building collapse, downed powerlines, damaged trees, and compromised transportation corridors (for example signal loss or damaged streets as a result of mobilized debris and increased likelihood of traffic accidents due to lost road signal infrastructure). Populations would also be impacted by stranding or displacement compromised living or working conditions, exposed landfill material in public spaces, and psychological effects. Wind gusts would damage building envelopes as well as mobilize debris, trees and construction site materials. Loss of urban tree canopy would be widespread, recreation and historical sites would be damaged, and water bodies would see increased sediment load from dust and deposition. City infrastructure may be damaged including bus shelters, signals, street signs, street and lamps. Critical infrastructure would experience interruptions, possibly outages. Tall buildings may see damage to foundations and structure. Damaged or compromised streets and pathways would cause congestion, parks, open spaces and trails would be temporarily closed or restricted, special events would be cancelled, and access to community programs would be reduced or lost. | |
| 481 | Cities 2020 | 35475 | City of Calgary | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 14 | Storm and wind > Tornado | No | Low | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Information & communications technology; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | While the probability of a tornado striking a particular site is relatively low, the consequences of a tornado depend on its location and the number of people present. Infrastructure impacts can include loss of power, severe damage to buildings and transportation corridors with possible loss of lives, as well as the potential for water service disruptions or sewage backup. Longer-term impacts could include the temporary displacement of people from their homes, injuries and deaths, loss of business revenue, and ongoing psychological trauma. Given the extreme difficulty in upgrading infrastructure to survive a tornado impact, improvements to weather monitoring and advance public warning systems are critical. Based on the available scientific data, it is not yet clear to what extent climate change could increase the frequency or severity of tornadoes in Alberta. | |
| 482 | Cities 2020 | 35755 | Village of Kadiovacik | Turkey | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | No | Medium | Medium | Commercial; Food & agriculture; Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Long-term (after 2050) | Our village is an agricultural area and there are many farming area. Farming will be extremely affected | ||
| 483 | Cities 2020 | 35848 | Municipality of Belo Horizonte | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of traditional jobs | Residential; Transport; Waste management | Children & youth; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Ao longo dos anos tem sido regsitrado concentração de chuvas com aumento da preciptação (mm) por unidade de hora. No ano de 2018 e 2019, o município sofeu com vários casos de aumento do volume de chuvas, ventos com alta velocidade. Foram regsitradas vários casos de queda de árvores, inclusive com óbitos registrados. Também foram registrados vários alagamentos e pontos de inundação no munícipio. Para o futuro, tal como estimando no estudo de vulnerabilidade, existe uma projeção de aumento de áreas afetadas pelo risco de inundação sobretudo em áreas com pessoas de baixa renda. | |
| 484 | Cities 2020 | 35848 | Municipality of Belo Horizonte | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Do not know | Medium High | Medium High | Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Impacto maior em pessoas mais vulneráveis como idosos e crianças. | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Information & communications technology; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Ondas de calor podem causar danos a saúde (estresse por calor, insuficiência cardíaca, insuficiência renal por desidratação - Revista britânica The Lancet) principalmente em idosos e pessoas com doenças crônicas além de aumentar a incidência de doenças tropicais (ex: dengue, febre amarela, febre maculosa, chicungunha). | |
| 485 | Cities 2020 | 35848 | Municipality of Belo Horizonte | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand | Commercial; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Pressão negativa sobre o fornecimento de água potável | |
| 486 | Cities 2020 | 35848 | Municipality of Belo Horizonte | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Emergency services; Public health | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Aumento da incidência de doenças tropicais (ex: dengue, febre amarela, febre maculosa, chicungunha). Aumento de populações de insetos que se tornar pragas na arborização urbana e também em cultivos de alimentos proveniente da agricultura urbana. | |
| 487 | Cities 2020 | 35848 | Municipality of Belo Horizonte | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Biological hazards > Water-borne disease | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Contaminação por cianobactérias em mananciais e corpos dagua em áreas de turismo. | |
| 488 | Cities 2020 | 35848 | Municipality of Belo Horizonte | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 6 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | High | High | Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Education; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Law & order; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Risco de deslizamento de encostas. | |
| 489 | Cities 2020 | 35848 | Municipality of Belo Horizonte | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 7 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Industrial; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | - | |
| 490 | Cities 2020 | 35853 | City of Baltimore | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | High | High | Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy; Law & order; Public health | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | An extreme heat condition is identified when prolonged temperatures are 10° or more above the average high temperature for a region. In Baltimore’s past, between the 1950s and the 1970s, an average of 60 percent of summer days had met the maximum temperature extremes. In the 2000s, that percentage grew to approximately 75-90 percent of summer days reaching maximum temperature extremes. Studies predict that Baltimore may experience between 85-95 percent such days before the middle of the century, or between 90-95 percent by 2100.The summer season in Baltimore City is known to have frequent high temperatures accompanied by high humidity. On some summer days, urban air can reach temperatures up to 10°F warmer than surrounding suburban or rural areas — a phenomenon known as the “urban heat island effect.” Densely developed, metropolitan areas tend to replace the natural land cover with asphalt, sidewalks, buildings, and other hard infrastructure. As opposed to natural elements of an ecosystem, which can absorb the sun’s heat and cool the surrounding air through evapotranspiration, these hard materials retain and radiate heat. The resulting warm urban temperatures can give rise to adverse public and environmental health problems and can increase energy usage for summertime cooling. The urban heat island effect is anticipated to become intensified as extreme heat events increase as a result of climate change.A significant increase in the number of extreme heat days could place people at a greater risk of suffering from heat-related health conditions, including heat stress, heat exhaustion, or heat stroke. These medical problems are a particular threat to the elderly population, young children, or people with respiratory difficulties. For instance, in the heatwave following the June 29, 2012 derecho, a total of 8 heat-related fatalities were reported in Baltimore City.(excerpt from DP3) | |
| 491 | Cities 2020 | 35853 | City of Baltimore | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | High | High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Public health; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Marginalized groups | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Flooding occurs when rivers, creeks, streams, ditches, or other hydrological features receive too much water. Three categories of food are common in the State of Maryland: flash, riverine, and coastal. In Baltimore, major flooding events are the result of riverine flooding along the stream tributaries of the Patapsco River — including the Gwynns Falls and the Jones Falls, as well as their own tributaries — or from tidal flooding in the Northwest Harbor and Middle Branch of the Patapsco River. Most of Baltimore’s recorded foods have been the result of either flash flooding during sudden, short-lived rainstorms, or localized flooding due to poor drainage and stormwater management. Baltimore has experienced 72 flood events in the period from 1996 through 2017, seeing an average of 3.27 events annually. In Baltimore, 6.4 percent of the City's total area is currently designated as a high-risk flood zone while 3 percent is within the coastal floodplain. More frequent and extreme precipitation events could make these conditions a common hazard, and the impacts from sea-level rise and land subsidence will likely intensify future losses.(Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 492 | Cities 2020 | 35853 | City of Baltimore | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > Coastal flood | Yes | Medium High | High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport | Low-income households | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | In Baltimore, coastal tidal flooding usually occurs as a result of storm events, such as nor’easters or hurricanes. As an additional concern, flood maps indicate that some areas of tidal flooding are also affected by high-velocity flooding. High-velocity flooding, where floodwaters can move faster than five feet per second, can exacerbate flood damage. Tropical storms and hurricanes are very intense, low-pressure wind systems that form over tropical or subtropical waters and can cause coastal flooding. Baltimore has experienced 13 coastal hazard events from 1997 to2017. These events are likely to be more frequent and intense in the future.(Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 493 | Cities 2020 | 35853 | City of Baltimore | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | Medium High | Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Heatwaves are characterized by prolonged extreme high-temperature days. According to the National Climate Assessment, regional climate model simulations suggest that Maryland could experience more than twice as many days per year over 95°F by mid-century — with an estimated 15 additional days above 95°F each year. This is expected to severely impact vulnerable populations, infrastructure, agriculture and ecosystems. In the future, Baltimore expects that periods of extreme heat are likely to increase in frequency, duration, and intensity.(Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 494 | Cities 2020 | 35853 | City of Baltimore | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Storm and wind > Lightning / thunderstorm | Yes | Medium High | Medium | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Energy; Transport | Persons living in sub-standard housing | None | Increasing | Low | Immediately | When atmospheric conditions combine to provide moisture, lift, and warm unstable air that rapidly elevates, a thunderstorm is formed. Thunderstorms can occur at any time of day and in all months of the year but are most common during summer afternoons or evenings and in combination with frontal boundaries. Maryland experiences approximately 20-40 thunderstorm days per year and frequently occur in Baltimore. Thunderstorms are considered a significant hazard due to their ability to spawn tornadoes, hailstorms, strong winds, fash foods, and damaging lightning.Every thunderstorm is accompanied by lightning; in fact, the actual sound of thunder is a direct result of lightning. The phenomenon occurs when water droplets are carried by the updraft of a thunderstorm to the upper parts of the atmosphere where they freeze and become charged. Lightning is the charged electrical channel that shoots downward toward the earth’s surface. As this channel nears the ground, it is attracted to oppositely-charged channels which, once connected, create a powerful electrical current that produces a visible flash of lightning. Lightning often strikes outside of areas where rain is actually falling, at times appearing as far as 10 miles away from rainfall. It can strike from any part of the storm, and may even strike after the storm has seemed to pass. Additionally, a lightning bolt can warm the surrounding air to temperatures as high as 60,000° Fahrenheit. In Baltimore, lightning strikes have been the cause of significant property damage throughout the years, and have even taken the lives of City residents. As the frequency and intensity of thunderstorms increases, so will the lightning associated with these storms. (Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 495 | Cities 2020 | 35853 | City of Baltimore | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 6 | Storm and wind > Cyclone (Hurricane / Typhoon) | Yes | Medium | Medium High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy; Society / community & culture; Transport | Persons living in sub-standard housing | None | Increasing | Low | Immediately | Tropical storms and hurricanes are very intense, low-pressure wind systems that form over tropical or subtropical waters. Both tropical storms and hurricanes are considered tropical cyclones; the distinction, however, is based on wind speeds and, typically, on the amount of destruction produced (i.e. the “impact”). Tropical storms are given a name when the maximum sustained wind speeds within the storm’s eyewall reach or exceed 39 mph. If a tropical storm continues to grow in strength, and peak wind speeds reach 74 mph, it is then declared a hurricane. Coastal storm systems can persist for extended periods of time, and across great distances. As hurricanes are sometimes hundreds of miles across, their effects can be felt in areas that may be quite distant from the storm’s center. Due to a combination of geographic and climatic factors, major hurricanes of Categories 3 and above generally begin to weaken upon reaching the mid-Atlantic. Recent hurricanes and tropical storm impacts to Baltimore have included minor flooding from heavy rainfall and winds. Eight storm events related to hurricanes have affected Baltimore from 2013 to 2017. Hurricane impacts in our area are expected to maintain current frequency but increase in intensity.(Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 496 | Cities 2020 | 35853 | City of Baltimore | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 7 | Storm and wind > Storm surge | No | Medium Low | High | Increased demand for public services | Commercial; Industrial; Residential | Marginalized groups | None | Increasing | High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | A storm surge, one of the most damaging impacts of a coastal storm event, is an abnormal local rise in sea level, caused by deepening low pressure in the core of the storm that creates an extreme difference in barometric pressure between the tropical system and the atmospheric environment outside the system. As a result, a dome of water rises under the eye of the storm and is eventually pushed onto the coastline as the storm makes landfall. The height of a surge is measured as the deviation (in feet) above the average sea level. In extreme circumstances, storm surge can and has exceeded a height of 25 feet in other areas around the world. Storm surge is especially damaging due to the combination of a high volume of water covering a large geographic area that is moving toward or across the land at high velocity. According to NOAA, 9 out of every 10 deaths associated with coastal storms are caused by storm surge—demonstrating why this water phenomenon is often the greatest threat to life and property from a tropical system. As the scale demonstrates, when a storm grows more intense, the resulting storm surge is more likely to reach greater heights and bring more significant damage. Storm surge may also accompany significant coastal storms that are known along the east coast as “Nor’easters.” Baltimore experienced 13 storm surge/tide and coastal flood events in the period from 1999 to 2017. The combined anticipated sea-level rise, land subsidence, and potential for tropical systems to cause tidal flooding will likely increase the intensity of storm surge events.(Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 497 | Cities 2020 | 35853 | City of Baltimore | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 8 | Storm and wind > Severe wind | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Information & communications technology | Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Wind is the motion of air past a given point caused by a difference in pressure from one place to another. Wind poses a threat to Maryland in many forms, including winds that are produced by severe thunderstorms and tropical weather systems. The effects of wind can include blowing debris, interruptions in elevated power and communications utilities, and intensified effects of winter weather. Harm to people and animals, as well as damage to property, trees, and infrastructure, may result. Data records indicate 156 high wind events took place between 1956 and 2017. Severe wind events are expected to increase in frequency and intensity. | |
| 498 | Cities 2020 | 35853 | City of Baltimore | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 9 | Extreme Precipitation > Heavy snow | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Transport; Waste management | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | None | Increasing | Low | Immediately | Winter storms produce more than just snow. Winter weather can take many forms, including freezing rain, sleet, extreme cold, and high winds. These conditions may occur singly or in any combination. Freezing rain is that which falls onto a surface where the temperature is below freezing, causing the rain to form a coating of ice. Conversely, sleet occurs as raindrops freeze into ice pellets in the cold air before reaching the ground. Like snow, freezing rain and sleet can create hazardous conditions for motorists. Even small accumulations of ice can make walking or driving extremely dangerous. Moreover, significant accumulations of ice can fell trees and utility lines, resulting in loss of power and communication. While winter storms are expected in Baltimore— and the City budgets and prepares for snow removal activities each year — winter storms occasionally reach a magnitude that overwhelms local response efforts. This stress may be placed on the transportation system as roads are unable to be efficiently salted or plowed, or it may be placed on electrical infrastructure. Over the past decade, Baltimore City has experienced several strong winter storms that have disrupted regular activities and caused a number of automobile accidents and power outages. While rising temperatures are causing Baltimore to experience less snowfall overall, we expect to see an increase in intensity from heavy snow events.(Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 499 | Cities 2020 | 35853 | City of Baltimore | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 10 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | No | Medium | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Food & agriculture; Public health; Society / community & culture | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Low | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Warmer, wetter conditions help insects and diseases flourish. In a changing climate, increases in average temperature, precipitation, and humidity will enable disease-carrying vectors and pathogens to infiltrate urban environments more easily. These conditions create favorable environments, for example, for breeding mosquitoes, which are known carriers of disease. Already, Baltimore has experienced a growing population of the tiger mosquito, originally native to Southeast Asia. According to the National Climate Assessment, shorter and warmer winters may increase survival and growth of disease-causing agents and parasites. Additionally, a changing climate may influence the distribution of diseases that are sensitive to temperature and moisture — including anthrax, blackleg, and hemorrhagic septicemia — and lead to increased incidence of ketosis, mastitis, and lameness in dairy cows.(Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 500 | Cities 2020 | 35854 | City of Brussels | Belgium | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Flood and sea level rise > Groundwater flood | Yes | Medium | Medium High | Other, please specify: Non étudié | Land use planning | Other, please specify: Non étudié | Increasing | Increasing | High | Long-term (after 2050) | Zones inondables existantes voyant leur exposition augmentée avec une augmentation potentiel des dégâts associés. |
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This dataset contains public responses to the CDP-ICLEI Cities 2020 questionnaire on climate hazards. View cities questionnaire guidance at https://www.cdp.net/en/guidance.
This data is collected through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System. When using this data, please cite both organisations using the following wording: ‘This data was collected in partnership by CDP and ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability’.
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