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2020 Cities Climate Hazards

Row numberQuestionnaire NameAccount NumberAccount NameCountryCDP RegionParent SectionSectionRow NumberRow NameClimate HazardsDid this hazard significantly impact your city before 2020?Current probability of hazardCurrent magnitude of hazardSocial impact of hazard overallMost relevant assets / services affected overallPlease identify which vulnerable populations are affectedFuture change in frequencyFuture change in intensityFuture expected magnitude of hazardWhen do you first expect to experience those changes in frequency and intensity?Please describe the impacts experienced so far, and how you expect the hazard to impact in the future
501Cities 202035854City of BrusselsBelgiumEuropeClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Extreme Precipitation > Rain stormYesMediumMediumOther, please specify: Non étudié précisementOther, please specify: Non connu précisementOther, please specify: Non connu précisementIncreasingIncreasingDo not knowLong-term (after 2050)Zones inondables existantes voyant leur exposition augmentée avec une augmentation potentiel des dégâts associés.
502Cities 202035854City of BrusselsBelgiumEuropeClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveDo not knowLowLowIncreased demand for healthcare servicesCommercial; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Residential; Tourism; TransportOther, please specify: Non connuIncreasingIncreasingHighLong-term (after 2050)Dégradation du confort thermique des usagers des transports en commun en période de forte chaleur, rupture de services de ces derniers (fortes chaleurs, inondations). Augmentation des consommations énergétiques estivales, diminution des consommations énergétiques hivernales. Prégnance du phénomène d'ICU plus impactant. Effets sanitaires des fortes chaleurs et de la dégradations de la qualité de l'air estivale
503Cities 202035857City of CincinnatiUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveYesHighMedium HighIncreased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEmergency services; Food & agriculture; Public healthChildren & youth; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilitiesIncreasingIncreasingHighShort-term (by 2025)Cincinnati is heating up and will continue to do so. By the end of the century the average annual temperature in Cincinnati is expected to rise seven degrees and include two major heat waves per year. Our summers will start to feel more like Pharr, TX, a border city 1,400 miles south of Cincinnati! Right now, Ohio averages five days per year that are considered dangerously hot (Over 95°F). That’s two more sweltering days than we saw in 1950, but by 2050 we can expect over 30 dangerously hot days per year. More dangerous heat days mean higher rates of asthma, heat rash and cramps, as well as heat stroke, which can be fatal. Increased heat will affect more than your summer plans. Hotter weather means higher evaporation rates. Rivers like the Great Miami could shrink by 35% , and agricultural productivity will suffer. Winters will be warmer too. With changes to the freeze/thaw cycle comes some unexpected challenges like flooding, increased insect and weed populations, and loss of native species that require cold weather.
504Cities 202035857City of CincinnatiUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface floodYesHighMedium LowIncreased demand for public servicesEmergency services; Public health; Water supply & sanitationLow-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingHighShort-term (by 2025)Cincinnati has seen almost a 40% increase in the amount of precipitation falling in very heavy rain events since the 1950s, and it is predicted that this trend could cause the Ohio River to surge by 25% in the next 30 years. Major storm events can cause major damage, ranging from sewer backups, to landslides, to flash flooding. The storms of 2017 have forced the City to spend over $50 million on storm-related issues. These costs have prompted the City to form an Extreme Weather Task Force to evaluate policy recommendations to prepare for and minimize future storm damages. Major flash flooding in May 2020 caused 4,900 Hamilton County residents to lose power and forced evacuations across Southwest Ohio.
505Cities 202035857City of CincinnatiUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Extreme cold temperature > Extreme winter conditionsYesHighHighIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsCommercial; Emergency services; Food & agricultureChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed personsIncreasingIncreasingHighMedium-term (2026-2050)Extreme winter conditions have cause shortages of resources and temporary shutdown of businesses, which can harm the economy of Cincinnati. Roads are also increasingly dangerous, and more accidents can occur. Extreme winter conditions can cause an increased health risk to many vulnerable populations. As extreme winter conditions worsen in both quantity and strength, all these impacts will likely worsen.
506Cities 202035857City of CincinnatiUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards4Flood and sea level rise > River floodYesHighMedium LowFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEmergency services; Public health; Water supply & sanitationPersons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingHighShort-term (by 2025)Cincinnati has seen almost a 40% increase in the amount of precipitation falling in very heavy rain events since the 1950s, and it is predicted that this trend could cause the Ohio River to surge by 25% in the next 30 years. Major storm events can cause major damage, ranging from sewer backups, to landslides, to flash flooding. The storms of 2017 have forced the City to spend over $50 million on storm-related issues. These costs have prompted the City to form an Extreme Weather Task Force to evaluate policy recommendations to prepare for and minimize future storm damages.
507Cities 202035857City of CincinnatiUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards5Biological hazards > Insect infestationYesMediumMediumIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illnessEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public healthPersons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseasesIncreasingIncreasingMediumMedium-term (2026-2050)As the climate changes and temperatures rise, winters will become shorter and Ohio growing seasons could extend by 6 weeks. While potentially good for farmers and food production, it also impacts insects and agricultural pests. As CO2 levels increase, the nitrogen levels of plants fall—a crucial nutrient for most insects. This can cause pest attacks to be more severe as they eat more plants to gain more nitrogen. And with shorter winters, more of these agricultural nuisances will live longer. Extended periods of hotter weather could mean more ticks and mosquitos in Ohio, and therefore more global spread of infectious diseases and local spread of vector-borne diseases like Lyme. Cincinnati already ranks 25th among the 50 U.S. cities with the most mosquitoes. Some fungi and other pathogens are moving northward up to 4 miles per year. As Cincinnati heats up, the city will have to prepare for bigger populations of familiar and newly introduced pests.
508Cities 202035857City of CincinnatiUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards6Biological hazards > Air-borne diseaseYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEmergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public healthChildren & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilitiesIncreasingIncreasingHighShort-term (by 2025)As Cincinnati’s climate changes, there could be many changes that affect our daily health. Air quality deteriorates as hotter weather causes more pollutants—ozone and fine particles—which exacerbates respiratory conditions like asthma and chronic obtrusive pulmonary disease. As air pollution increases, so do negative cardiovascular outcomes like heart attacks and deep vein clots. As extreme temperatures become the new normal, Cincinnati could see heat-related deaths increase by 70-120% by the 2080’s. Additionally, the rise of heavy downpours and floods due to climate change will lead to more sewer overflows and wet basements. These events can cause mold to grow in homes and businesses, and transport disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
509Cities 202035857City of CincinnatiUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards7Water Scarcity > DroughtYesMedium HighMedium HighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public servicesCommercial; Food & agriculture; Public healthElderly; Low-income households; Other, please specify: Farmers, construction workers, sanitation workers, etc. who work in outdoor conditions.IncreasingIncreasingHighMedium-term (2026-2050)One of the chronic threats to agriculture from climate change in the Greater Cincinnati Area is crop loss. Rise in average temperatures will lead to longer frost-free seasons and other conditions that can increase crop yield (such as higher concentrations of atmospheric CO2), but this heat will also lead to severe drought and pest issues. Across the state of Ohio, summer drought severity is projected to increase by 50% by 2050. Lower, more erratic water levels and rising temperatures will cause inland Greater Cincinnati counties such as Butler and Warren to experience the worst droughts in the area. Hotter summers will create more high-risk working conditions for farmers, and cause crop ranges to migrate north (particularly for corn and soy, resulting in major economic output losses). Wetter springs, more flooding, and effects to quality of agricultural water resources will create more production unpredictability and lead to crop losses if farms are not prepared for severe events.
510Cities 202035857City of CincinnatiUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards8Mass movement > LandslideYesHighHighIncreased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacementCommercial; Industrial; Land use planning; Residential; Water supply & sanitationLow-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingShort-term (by 2025)Cincinnati has a high risk for landslides due to both the geography of the area as well as the development of land. The city and surrounding area has one of the highest per-capita costs due to landslides in the U.S., especially since 2011.The city is especially susceptible to landslides along streams and valleys, because these areas have primarily silt and clay soils that result in bedrock failure. These failures primarily occur in areas dominated by shale, such as the Kope Formation and the Miamitown Shale. Hazard risk also increases in areas of development, where the land is disturbed due to construction and other activities. Landslides in recent years have increased due to increased rainfall and the hilly nature of the city. Columbia Parkway has been subject to multiple landslides in the last several years alone, which have resulted in road closures and structural damage costing millions of dollars. As landslides become more common, Cincinnati will continue to see damage to infrastructure and housing in residential areas, which increases risks to citizens and harms the strength of our economy.
511Cities 202035858City of Cape TownSouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Extreme Precipitation > Rain stormYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacementEmergency services; Public health; Residential; TransportLow-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseasesNoneNoneMedium HighImmediatelyWhile Cape Town is projected to receive less annual rainfall into the future, storm events due to cut-off low systems are projected to remain at approximately the same as current levels. Cut-off low systems can bring particularly damaging winds and heavy rains. Storm events due to mid-latitude cyclones are projected to decrease into the future due to the southward shift of these weather systems. However, flooding in Cape Town is primarily driven by high vulnerability due to poor drainage, high water tables, the presence of wetlands, and informality and sub-standard housing. This is expected to remain into the future and worsen as increasingly marginal land is informally occupied.
512Cities 202035858City of Cape TownSouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveYesHighHighIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsFood & agriculture; Public health; Residential; Water supply & sanitationElderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseasesIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediatelyIncreased temperatures will have impact on various economic sectors, as it would likely lead to an increased need for cooling and refrigeration in summer, which could impact energy security and pricing. People are likely to be increasingly prone to the negative health effects of increased average and maximum temperatures, including higher mortality rates for elderly and chronically ill people. Higher temperatures could have effects on worker productivity, with knock on economic impacts. Heat stress on crop yields, rangeland and livestock productivity, can cause damage to agricultural productivity, which will affect Cape Town’s food production and supplies. This could increase the price of food and exacerbate food insecurity, particularly for Cape Town’s most vulnerable communities. Heat often leads to an increase in water demand for e.g. watering gardens, filling swimming pools, with serious consequences should heat waves and drought co-occur.
513Cities 202035858City of Cape TownSouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Flood and sea level rise > River floodYesMediumMediumIncreased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Damage to roads and properties; Population displacementEmergency services; Public health; ResidentialPersons living in sub-standard housingNoneNoneMediumImmediatelyFlooding is expected to remain at approximately the same levels as currently occur. Flooding has the following impacts: Places increased pressure on disaster relief systems; Damage to private and public infrastructure; Create challenges to stormwater systems in urban settlements; Increase soil erosion, river bank erosion and demands for protection structures; Impact on insurance coverage, pay-outs and premiums.
514Cities 202035858City of Cape TownSouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards4Water Scarcity > DroughtYesHighHighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Increased water costsPublic health; Residential; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Women & girlsIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediatelyBetween 2015 and 2017 Cape Town experienced a severe drought. The impacts of this multi-year severe drought led in early 2018 to the unprecedented possibility that Cape Town and surrounds may run out water entirely. This was averted due to strong action taken by the City and citizens of Cape Town to conserve water. The potential impact of severe water shortages included the potential collapse of the city's wastewater and sanitation system due to a lack of water in the system, and the consequent health impacts thereof. The risk to human health through reduced capacity to carry out normal hygiene such as toilet flushing, bathing, and clothes washing also poses a risk to individual and public health. The impacts of drought on agriculture are serious, with consequent serious negative economic impacts. In the longer term, water scarcity could have negative effects on: Existing business processes, retention of existing businesses and future new investments, with associated impacts on job retention, job creation and economic growth; The quality of water and the state of rivers and wetland ecosystems, with less water available to flush these systems and with an increased potential for failure of City infrastructure, such as waste water treatment works, which rely on rainfall to dilute treated effluent, all leading to increased human health risks; Biodiversity, where flora and fauna might not survive and drying out of vegetation, which together with increased wind speeds could increase the frequency of wild fires; Water price increases, which could have a knock on effect to the economy and society
515Cities 202035858City of Cape TownSouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards5Wild fire > Forest fireYesHighMediumOther, please specify: Biodiversity loss; risk to buildings and human life; loss of recreational amenities and amenity value of natural spacesEmergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; ResidentialOther, please specify: Those living at the interface between urban and natural areasIncreasingIncreasingMediumShort-term (by 2025)Forest fire here refers to wildfires generally. Cape Town does not contain significant forest ecosystems. Increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires could have a detrimental effect on lives, biodiversity, infrastructure, agriculture, and insurance. Homes and businesses close to natural areas and nature reserves are most at risk. High winds combined with hot and dry conditions created increased risk of wildfires. New wildfire management procedures are in place which have improved management of this risk. It must be noted that the natural vegetation of Cape Town (fynbos ecosystem) is fire prone and requires fire in order to flourish; it is therefore an ongoing challenge to ensure that natural vegetation is able to burn as required without impacting on human life or health. As such, controlled ecological burns are conducted in the city's nature reserves where possible. Too-frequent fires will have a negative impact on biodiversity in the city, as many fynbos species are slow growing.
516Cities 202035858City of Cape TownSouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards6Flood and sea level rise > Coastal floodYesMedium HighMediumOther, please specify: Damage to property and infrastructure in the coastal zone; Loss of coastal amenity value for recreationEmergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; ResidentialOther, please specify: Those living adjacent to the coast; People who use the coast for recreationIncreasingIncreasingMediumImmediatelyCoastal flooding will lead to increasing damage to public infrastructure and private property. It will also result in coastal erosion and impact on estuaries. Coastal flooding will mostly affect already built-up areas of the coast, mostly middle to upper income suburbs. Coastal erosion and sea level rise also threatens the recreational amenity value of beaches in Cape Town which will have a negative impact on the economy of coastal recreational nodes.
517Cities 202035858City of Cape TownSouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards7Chemical change > Salt water intrusionNoDo not knowMediumOther, please specify: Reduced viability of groundwater resources for water security purposesEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Water supply & sanitationOther, please specify: All groups as saltwater intrusion will negatively affect the viability of groundwater for water security purposesDo not knowDo not knowMediumMedium-term (2026-2050)Salt water intrusion into ground water, aquifers, and coastal wetlands is possible, although currently the likelihood is unknown. This is of concern as aquifers are regarded as one of the key future water supply sources for Cape Town.
518Cities 202035858City of Cape TownSouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards8Storm and wind > Storm surgeYesMediumMediumOther, please specify: Damage to coastal infrastructure and buildingsEmergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; ResidentialOther, please specify: Those living adjacent to the coastal zoneNoneNoneMediumImmediatelyStorm surges will result in damage to public infrastructure and private property, as well as coastal erosion. The cost of repairing or replacing public infrastructure damaged or destroyed by storm surge is a challenge, especially in areas where repeated impacts occur.
519Cities 202035858City of Cape TownSouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards9Storm and wind > Severe windYesHighMedium HighOther, please specify: Increased fire risk; damage to infrastructureEmergency services; Energy; TransportPersons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingMediumShort-term (by 2025)Stronger winds, especially those associated with severe storms, pose risks due to trees and power lines being damaged. Damage to power lines can cause isolated areas of the city to be without electricity for days, depending on the severity of the damage. Stronger winds will have an impact on certain economic sectors, as this will affect the harbour, which is already not able to operate for a number of days a year due to high wind speeds. Increased wind in combination with drying and increased temperatures will significantly increase the risk and spread of wildfires and urban fires. This is of particular concern within the city's informal settlements, which are already prone to fire. A correlation between the summer season and informal settlement fires has been noted. It is likely that weather conditions which promote the spread of fire contribute to the severity of informal settlement fires.
520Cities 202035858City of Cape TownSouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards10Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface floodYesMediumMediumOther, please specify: Damage to infrastructure and dwellings; Population displacementEmergency services; Public health; ResidentialLow-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingNoneNoneMediumImmediatelyFlooding is expected to remain at approximately the same levels as currently occur. Flooding has the following impacts: Places increased pressure on disaster relief systems; Damage to private and public infrastructure; Create challenges to stormwater systems in urban settlements; Increase soil erosion, river bank erosion and demands for protection structures; Impact on insurance coverage, pay-outs and premiums. Displacement of people, mostly from informal settlements, due to flooding is a significant challenge.
521Cities 202035858City of Cape TownSouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards11Flood and sea level rise > Groundwater floodYesMediumMediumOther, please specify: Damage to infrastructure and dwellings; Population displacementEmergency services; Public health; ResidentialLow-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingNoneNoneMediumImmediatelyFlooding is expected to remain at approximately the same levels as currently occur. Flooding has the following impacts: Places increased pressure on disaster relief systems; Damage to private and public infrastructure; Create challenges to stormwater systems in urban settlements; Increase soil erosion, river bank erosion and demands for protection structures; Impact on insurance coverage, pay-outs and premiums. Displacement of people, mostly from informal settlements, due to flooding is a significant challenge.
522Cities 202035858City of Cape TownSouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards12Storm and wind > Extra tropical stormYesMediumMedium HighOther, please specify: Damage to infrastructure and dwellings; Population displacementEmergency services; Residential; TransportLow-income households; Other, please specify: People living in high risk areas; Persons living in sub-standard housingDecreasingNoneMediumImmediatelyLandfall of mid-latitude cyclones is expected to decrease in the future due to the southward shift of these weather systems. This will have a negative impact on the City's water resources. However, it must be noted that the negative impact of storms on Cape Town is largely driven due to high levels of vulnerability including substandard housing and inadequate drainage, especially within the city's informal settlements.
523Cities 202035859City of ClevelandUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveNoMedium HighMedium HighIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEmergency services; Energy; Food & agriculture; Public health; ResidentialChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income householdsIncreasingIncreasingHighMedium-term (2026-2050)From 1956 to 2012, the average annual temperature in Cleveland increased by 2.4°F. Average temperatures in Cleveland are projected to increase 3.0°F by mid-century and 5.0°F by the end of century. These higher temperatures will increase the number of heat-related deaths, reduce water quality in Lake Erie, strain food systems, degrade air quality, and put pressure on native plants and animals. Warmer temperatures will reduce building heating loads, but these gains are more than offset by increased reliance on air-conditioning. Increasing intensity of heat waves also increases the chances of another blackout in Northeast Ohio.
524Cities 202035859City of ClevelandUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Extreme Precipitation > Rain stormNoHighMedium HighIncreased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illnessEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Land use planning; Water supply & sanitationLow-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilitiesIncreasingIncreasingMediumImmediatelyThe amount of total annual precipitation in Cleveland has increased by 24.6% from 1951 to 2014. An increase in precipitation was observed in all four seasons, with the winter seeing the greatest percentage increase of 23.4% (1.7”). Moreover, the frequency and intensity of severe storms has increased. Cleveland has seen a 16.3% increase in the number of heavy precipitation events (49 storms from 1961 to 1990 compared to 57 storms from 1981 to 2010). The northeastern part of Ohio is projected to experience on the order of 2 more days of heavy precipitation (events greater than 1.25”) per year. Heavy precipitation events of more than 2” in a day (i.e., 24-hour period) are projected to increase by no more than one day (0.25 to 1 days) by mid-century and increase by slightly more (0.75 to 1.25 days) by end of century. Heavy rain and lake effect snow are expected to increase. This may cause flooding, combined sewer overflows, a reduction in river and stream quality, and higher maintenance costs.
525Cities 202035859City of ClevelandUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface floodNoHighMedium HighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of traditional jobs; Population displacementCommercial; Emergency services; Land use planning; Residential; Tourism; Transport; Water supply & sanitationLow-income householdsIncreasingIncreasingDo not knowImmediatelyFrom the 1961-1990 period to the 1981-2010 period, the amount of precipitation falling during the heaviest 1% of rain events increased by 22%. This trend means more flooding, which will exacerbate a range of risks to Lake Erie, including harmful algal blooms, an increased number of combined sewer overflows, and declining beach health. Homes in Northeast Ohio will also experience increased rates of flooding.Due to consistent heavy precipitation over the previous year, water levels in Lake Erie and Cuyahoga River experienced record highs in June 2019. This is already having serious impacts on the fishing industry, water-related tourism, recreation, development, and more.
526Cities 202035860City of DallasUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Water Scarcity > DroughtYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Other, please specify: Drainage and Infrastructure; Public health; Water supply & sanitationLow-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingMediumImmediatelyDallas is located in the South-central Great Plains Region of North America, as defined in Chapter 23 of the 4th National Climate Assessment (NCA4) (2018), a 1,500 page two-part congressionally mandated report by the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). Droughts are historically common and can be severe. Water resources are critical for the health and prosperity of the City. As droughts become more frequent and more severe, the City must adapt and change to deal with the conditions. The City operates under a continuing Drought Contingency Plan, along with Long Range Water Supply Plan, and Water Conservation Plan to help mitigate extreme impacts.
527Cities 202035860City of DallasUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot daysYesMedium HighMediumIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Other, please specify: Increased MortalityEnergy; Public health; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitationLow-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseasesIncreasingIncreasingHighShort-term (by 2025)Climate predictions in the 4th National Climate Assessment predict that that Dallas will see a drastic increase in the number days above 100 F. There are also long-term predictions that extreme summer temperatures may reach 120◦ F, with an increase of 30 to 60 “extreme heat days (temperatures over 100◦ F). In extreme heat, many operations become limited. Water supply, and transportation infrastructure is under stress, and the health of the community, particularly the old and young, is threatened.
528Cities 202035860City of DallasUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Biological hazards > Vector-borne diseaseYesMediumLowIncreased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEmergency services; Public health; ResidentialChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingMediumShort-term (by 2025)As conditions warm, diseases from warmer climates may become more prevalent in Dallas. Without cold winter weather, insects such as mosquitos will be more common and diseases carried by insects and other diseases will impact the community.
529Cities 202035860City of DallasUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards4Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface floodYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Loss of Life; Population displacementCommercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Other, please specify: Increased Mortality, Disruptions to Transportation and other infrastructure; Residential; Water supply & sanitationMarginalized groups; Other, please specify: Communities in low lying areas.; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediatelyDallas is subject to periodic flooding. Flooding causes property damage in low-lying areas prone to flooding, and increasingly in areas not previously identified as being floodprone. Severe flooding and flash flooding can result in mortality. Climate change will result in increased intensity and frequency of high-intensity rainfall events that can cause flooding. Dallas has invested in improvements to levees/ pumping systems and some local drainage systems to reduce the impacts of flooding; however, the City is now working to address the older local neighbourhood drainage systems that remain vulnerable.
530Cities 202035860City of DallasUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards5Flood and sea level rise > River floodYesMediumMediumIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: TransportationEmergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitationMarginalized groups; Other, please specify: Communities in low lying areas.; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingMediumShort-term (by 2025)The Main Stem Trinity River flows through Dallas. Along the Trinity River system upstream of Dallas, there are four large reservoirs used for water supply and flood control. In 2015, the region received the annual average rainfall within the period of one month, causing this upstream flood storage capacity to be simultaneously exceeded at all four reservoirs. This resulted in both localized flooding near the reservoirs, and uncontrolled discharge and flooding within the Trinity River floodway for an extended period. Dallas has an extensive levee system that protects a majority of the City population, and the central business district from this type of flooding. However, the outlying areas not protected by levees, and areas served by aging infrastructure remain vulnerable to riverine flood threat.
531Cities 202035862City of DetroitUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveYesMedium HighMedium HighEnergy; Public health; ResidentialIncreasingIncreasingImpact to vulnerable populations
532Cities 202035862City of DetroitUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Extreme Precipitation > Rain stormMedium HighMedium HighEmergency services; Residential; Water supply & sanitationIncreasingImpact to vulnerable populations
533Cities 202035862City of DetroitUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Extreme cold temperature > Extreme cold daysMediumDo not knowIncreasingImpact to vulnerable populations
534Cities 202035862City of DetroitUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards4Extreme Precipitation > Heavy snowDo not knowDo not knowIncreasingImpact to vulnerable populations
535Cities 202035862City of DetroitUnited States of AmericaNorth AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards5Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface floodDo not knowDo not knowIncreasingImpact to vulnerable populations
536Cities 202035863eThekwini MunicipalitySouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Extreme Precipitation > Rain stormYesMedium HighMedium HighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Migration from rural areas to citiesEmergency services; Transport; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities; Women & girlsIncreasingIncreasingMediumImmediatelyDurban has had about five high intensity storm events over the past few years, of which the April 2019 was the most widespread and impactful. High costs and lost of lives (just under 70).
537Cities 202035863eThekwini MunicipalitySouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Storm and wind > Storm surgeYesMediumMediumIncreased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Loss of tax base to support public services; Other, please specify: Damage to coastal propertyEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitationElderlyIncreasingNoneMedium HighImmediatelyDuring the equinox of 2007 the Durban coastal was severely impacted by a coastal storm with high storm surge causing lots of damage to public infrastructure and sea front housing.
538Cities 202035863eThekwini MunicipalitySouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Water Scarcity > DroughtYesMedium HighMedium HighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Migration from rural areas to citiesEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Women & girlsIncreasingIncreasingMedium HighImmediatelyDuring the El Nino event of 2015, southern Africa experienced a crippling drought and this caused high food prices. Whilst Durban was less impacted than the central parts of South Africa, there were water restrictions in place.
539Cities 202035864Ekurhuleni Metropolitan MunicipalitySouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface floodNoHighHighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacementCommercial; Emergency services; Public health; Residential; TransportChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Women & girlsIncreasingIncreasingMediumShort-term (by 2025)
540Cities 202035864Ekurhuleni Metropolitan MunicipalitySouth AfricaAfricaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveYesMedium LowMedium LowIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsFood & agriculture; Public health; Society / community & culture; Waste managementChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseasesIncreasingIncreasingMediumMedium-term (2026-2050)
541Cities 202035865Municipality of FortalezaBrazilLatin AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveNoHighMedium HighIncreased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEnergy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Water supply & sanitationElderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingHighShort-term (by 2025)O impacto de temperaturas altas e ondas de calor na cidade de Fortaleza afeta diretamente a qualidade de vida da população assim como a fauna e flora. A maior parte da população com maior vulnerabilidade às mudanças de temperatura está localizada no setor oeste da cidade, onde as condições de precariedade socioeconômica também são marcantes. Principais impactos: Desenvolvimento da cidade - o aumento da temperatura poderá causar o aumento no númerode casos de doenças respiratórias, bem como desidratação e insolação uma vez que a temperatura média já é elevada durante todo o ano. Todos estes impactos à saúde poderão repercutir em gastos no sistema de atendimento público à saúde, assim como também poderá impactar o setor privado por conta do absenteísmo. Também é importante mencionar o risco quanto a elevação do consumo de energia com o uso de condicionadores de ar e de água. Todos estes fatores em conjunto possuem um considerável potencial de impactar o desenvolvimento da cidade de Fortaleza. Infraestrutura - com o aumento da temperatura, possivelmente ocorrerão impactos principalmente nas infraestruturas de abastecimento de água e energia elétrica, no sentido de ficarem sobrecarregados com a demanda. Saúde - conforme já mencionado é possível que haja um aumento da demanda por atendimento nas unidades de saúde por conta de doenças respiratórias, mal-estar súbito e quadros de insolação de modo geral. A biodiversidade também sofrerá impactos e desequilíbrios que poderão culminar com a proliferação de determinados vetores (mosquitos e insetos). Recursos hídricos e disponibilidade de água - No que se refere ao aumento da temperatura deforma mais ampla, deve ser mencionado o possível impacto no abastecimento de água, rede que conta com mananciais de uma região interior do Estado do Ceará. Uma vez que as temperaturas aumentem, este abastecimento poderá ser prejudicado, ou mesmo interrompido, tendo como motivo o agravamento dos quadros de secas em todo o Estado do Ceará e maior consumo de água. Unidades de conservação/Áreas preservadas - As áreas verdes da cidade, embora possuam espécies adaptadas ao contexto climático do semiárido, também poderão ser impactadas pelo aumento da temperatura média sendo um dos principais riscos associados aos desequilíbrios ambientais causados pelo desaparecimento (por migração) de espécies mais sensíveis ao calor.
542Cities 202035865Municipality of FortalezaBrazilLatin AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Water Scarcity > DroughtYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of traditional jobs; Migration from rural areas to citiesEnergy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitationLow-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingHighShort-term (by 2025)As secas recorrentes no semiárido cearense são risco frequente ao abastecimento de água da cidade, não obstante a reconhecida qualidade do sistema de gerenciamento de recursos hídricos do Ceará. Portanto, é evidenciada uma alta e uma média vulnerabilidade concentrada nos setores com recursos hídricos e áreas verdes que são afetados de maneira forte pelas secas. Também os setores com uma alta densidade demográfica representam um risco climático.- Desenvolvimento da cidade: ainda que haja um certo nível de garantia quanto ao abastecimento de água para Fortaleza, toda a cidade depende da produção de alguns alimentos realizada em outros municípios do Ceará. Além disso, não se pode afirmar que exista segurança hídrica em Fortaleza, sobretudo nos casos de secas prolongadas e isso tem potencial para afetar todo o setor produtivo da cidade, bem como a qualidade de vida da população.— Infraestrutura: o principal risco verificado quanto às infraestruturas diz respeito ao setor de abastecimento de água e energia, os quais poderão sofrer sobrecarga, bem como o setor de transportes e moradia caso haja migração de outros municípios para Fortaleza.— Saúde: semelhante aos impactos estimados para o risco de aumento da temperatura, porém com o agravo da desidratação e desnutrição da população de maior vulnerabilidade. Adicionalmente a seca aumenta o risco de enfermidades, especialmente em setores de alta vulnerabilidade da população.— Recursos hídricos e disponibilidade de água: no caso de secas prolongadas, corre-se o risco de colapso no abastecimento de água.— Unidades de conservação/Áreas preservadas: Embora possuam espécies adaptadas ao contexto climático do semiárido, as áreas verdes também sofrerão impactos das secas prolongadas. Neste caso não apenas pela migração de espécies mais sensíveis à estiagem, mas também pela possibilidade de substituição destas áreas por agricultura urbana diante de um quadro de desabastecimento alimentar. Vale ressaltar também que rios e lagoas urbanos estariam ameaçados pela retirada de água para consumo humano, caso o abastecimento via rede regular chegue a um colapso.
543Cities 202035865Municipality of FortalezaBrazilLatin AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Extreme Precipitation > Rain stormYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEmergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Society / community & culture; TransportElderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingMediumShort-term (by 2025)Dentre os principais riscos para a cidade destacam-se:— Desenvolvimento da cidade: na atualidade a cidade de Fortaleza fica com seu fluxo de veículos e de pessoas bastante prejudicado em dias de chuvas, motivadas pelas próprias infraestruturas urbanas as quais não se mostram eficientes em período chuvosos, o que pode ser constatado pela quantidade de eventos de alagamento em todo o território. Com a ampliação do risco de chuvas intensas e chuvas extremas, haverá impactos diretos para o desenvolvimento da cidade, tanto no aspecto da fluidez de pessoas para seus trabalhos e centros de educação, quanto pelo aporte de recursos financeiros necessários para obras e reparos necessários para adaptar a cidade a um novo contexto climático.— Infraestrutura: o principal risco verificado quanto às infraestruturas diz respeito às galerias de drenagem de águas pluviais e também as de esgotamento sanitário. Assim como as pavimentações e recapeamentos necessários para adaptação ao um novo cenário chuvoso.— Saúde: as doenças hidricamente veiculadas cujos vetores se proliferam por meio das águas não drenadas em determinadas áreas urbanas.Sobre isso merece destaque o fato de que Fortaleza possui apenas uma pequena parte de seu território com cobertura de esgotamento sanitário, o que permite inferir que em períodos muito chuvosos, existe uma tendência de que as águas pluviais se misturam com os efluentes sanitários e escoem livremente pelas ruas, além de se infiltrarem no solo por todo o território, inclusive onde já existe rede regular de esgotamento sanitário.— Recursos hídricos e disponibilidade de água: caso houvesse em Fortaleza a obrigatoriedade de captação de água das chuvas e reuso nas empresas e condomínios, o aumento das chuvas poderia ter um impacto positivo quanto ao abastecimento. Contudo, no contexto atual o que se verifica é um risco de contaminação das fontes de abastecimento— Unidades de conservação/Áreas preservadas: no caso de ampliação dos períodos chuvosos e intensidade das chuvas uma vez que os ambientes são adaptados às condições atuais com poucas chuvas durante o ano. Além da morte de algumas espécies vegetais por saturação hídrica, ainda existe o risco de que espécies invasoras e mais adaptadas a ambientes brejosos ou alagados passem a ocupar estes espaços, exigindo uma adaptação em todo o ecossistema diretamente associado.
544Cities 202035865Municipality of FortalezaBrazilLatin AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards4Flood and sea level rise > Coastal floodNoMedium HighMediumFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Loss of traditional jobs; Population displacementCommercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Residential; Tourism; Water supply & sanitationPersons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingMediumMedium-term (2026-2050)A faixa costeira de Fortaleza é composta por trechos altamente antropizados, por meio de ocupações urbanas irregulares, ocasionando fortes impactos ambientais e, ao mesmo tempo, considerável vulnerabilidade aos eventos extremos ocasionados pelas massas oceânicas. Na zona costeira de Fortaleza, foram identificados 162 eventos denominados “ressacas do mar”, sendo que 95% destes eventos foram registrados a partir da década de 1980, momento em que há uma maior urbanização do litoral Fortalezense. Dentre os impactos das inundações costeiras pode-se citar: erosão de dunas e praias; danos a estrutura urbana; e potencial de alagamento. Além de:— Desenvolvimento da cidade: considerando que são nos bairros com interface para o mar (Aldeota, Meireles, Centro, dentre outros) onde estão atualmente situadas as maiores ofertas de empregos e também onde estão localizados os bancos e demais instituições ligadas ao mercado financeiro, pode-se inferir um impacto direto para o desenvolvimento da cidade. Além disso, boa parte da economia da cidade depende dos serviços relacionados ao turismo (hotelaria, entretenimento e gastronomia) cuja localização também está à beira mar. — Infraestrutura: o principal risco verificado quanto às infraestruturas diz respeito à destruição das infraestruturas urbanas localizadas à beira mar, bem como à emersão dos esgotos também nos bairros situados na faixa litorânea por conta da intrusão marinha, que é a invasão da água do mar por vias subterrâneas.— Saúde: os impactos relacionados à saúde humana estão diretamente relacionais à emersão dos efluentes para a superfície, o carreamento de resíduos sólidos para o interior da cidade e à salinização das fontes de abastecimento, tanto dos poços, quanto da rede regular de abastecimento.— Recursos hídricos e disponibilidade de água: o principal impacto da elevação do nível do mar ao sistema de abastecimento se dá pela salinização generalizada por conta do avanço da cunha salina.— Unidades de conservação/Áreas preservadas: com a elevação do nível do mar, boa parte das áreas protegidas hoje em Fortaleza, representadas por vegetação de mangue e localizadas próximas à foz dos rios seriam completamente dizimadas. Além disso, haveria uma tendência ao estabelecimento de espécies invasoras, tanto da flora quanto da fauna.
545Cities 202035867Region Metropolitana de GuadalajaraMexicoLatin AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards1Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveYesMedium HighMediumIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEducation; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Society / community & culture; Tourism; TransportElderly; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: niños; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseasesIncreasingIncreasingMedium HighShort-term (by 2025)Aumento en la morbilidad y mortalidad de la población como golpes de calor.Incremento de vectores y pérdida de alimentos o daños a la agricultura.Afectaciones al sector turismo.Aumento en la demanda energética por uso de enfriamiento en hogares, edificios públicos y de gobierno.Al
546Cities 202035867Region Metropolitana de GuadalajaraMexicoLatin AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2Extreme Precipitation > Rain stormYesMedium HighMediumIncreased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Perdida de infraestructura Inundaciones en áreas urbanas, Alteración a servicios por inundaciones en áreas urbanas; Population displacementPublic health; Residential; TransportMarginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingHighShort-term (by 2025)Los impactos ocasionados por el aumento de las precipitaciones van desde desbordamientos de canales, interrupción de vías de transporte, caída de arbolado urbano, pérdidas humanas, pérdida de infraestructura estratégica, afectaciones económicas y daños a la salud debido a que la acumulación de las aguas estancadas sirve de medio para la reproducción de mosquitos del género (aedes aegypti) y otros vectores que se ven favorecidos por las condiciones.. La metrópoli espera que estos impactos se agudicen de manera exponencial.
547Cities 202035867Region Metropolitana de GuadalajaraMexicoLatin AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards3Wild fire > Forest fireYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Pérdida de suelo, pérdida y desplazamiento de la biodiversidad, aumento de los días con mala calidad del aire, cambios de uso de suelo, afectaciones al ciclo hidrológicoEmergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Public health; ResidentialChildren & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases; Women & girlsIncreasingIncreasingMediumShort-term (by 2025)Pérdida de la biodiversidad y cambios de uso de suelo.Se presenta mala calidad de aire y aumento en partículas suspendidas en el AMG.Aumento de afecciones respiratorias .Se espera que los impactos permanezcan y se puedan controlar.
548Cities 202035867Region Metropolitana de GuadalajaraMexicoLatin AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards4Extreme Precipitation > HailYesMediumMediumIncreased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of traditional jobs; Migration from rural areas to citiesCommercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Residential; TransportLow-income households; Marginalized groupsIncreasingIncreasingDo not knowMedium-term (2026-2050)Daños materiales, inundaciones, colapso de vialidades, pérdida de cosechas.La metrópoli espera que estos fenómenos se sigan presentando en un futuro con una mayor intensidad.
549Cities 202035867Region Metropolitana de GuadalajaraMexicoLatin AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards5Biological hazards > Vector-borne diseaseYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEmergency services; Public health; TourismChildren & youth; Elderly; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Women & girlsIncreasingIncreasingHighShort-term (by 2025)En el Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara, se presenta año con año un aumento en la incidencia de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores como el mosquito, que se han visto reflejados como un problema de salud pública y un foco rojo en cuestión epidemiológica, que ha traído como consecuencia ausencias laborales y pérdidas económicas por ausencia laboral. Se tiene la meta de que este fenómeno no se incremente, para la cual se ha determinado una estrategia de actuación para la disminución de la presencia del mosquito, con acciones como la deschatarrización, fumigaciones reactivas y evitando encharcamientos de agua.
550Cities 202035867Region Metropolitana de GuadalajaraMexicoLatin AmericaClimate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards6Mass movement > LandslideNoMedium LowMedium LowIncreased risk to already vulnerable populationsEnvironment, biodiversity, forestryLow-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingNoneLowMedium-term (2026-2050)los procesos de movimientos en masa favorecen la pérdida de la capacidad del terreno natural y han ejercido un impacto en el AMG, los cuales han producido daños que van desde el bloqueo de carreteras por el desprendimiento de rocas hasta la evacuación de la población en zonas con riesgo de deslizamiento.

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Profile Picture Amy Bills

created Mar 23 2021

updated Mar 23 2021

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This dataset contains public responses to the CDP-ICLEI Cities 2020 questionnaire on climate hazards. View cities questionnaire guidance at https://www.cdp.net/en/guidance.
This data is collected through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System. When using this data, please cite both organisations using the following wording: ‘This data was collected in partnership by CDP and ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability’.

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