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2020 Cities Climate Hazards
| Row number | Questionnaire Name | Account Number | Account Name | Country | CDP Region | Parent Section | Section | Row Number | Row Name | Climate Hazards | Did this hazard significantly impact your city before 2020? | Current probability of hazard | Current magnitude of hazard | Social impact of hazard overall | Most relevant assets / services affected overall | Please identify which vulnerable populations are affected | Future change in frequency | Future change in intensity | Future expected magnitude of hazard | When do you first expect to experience those changes in frequency and intensity? | Please describe the impacts experienced so far, and how you expect the hazard to impact in the future |
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| 601 | Cities 2020 | 35880 | Municipality of Porto Alegre | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Energy; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Waste management | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Do not know | Medium High | Short-term (by 2025) | Danos em bens públicos e privados, com aumento de demanda por serviços públicos e de emergência, como ocorre com frequencia no caso das inudações do Bairro Arquipélago (Ilhas). | |
| 602 | Cities 2020 | 35880 | Municipality of Porto Alegre | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Information & communications technology; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Grandes tempestades, acompanhadas de ciclones, vem sendo registradas no Sul do país. A mais recente a atingir Porto Alegre foi provocada por um ciclone-bomba, com muitos danos ao município, com acúmulo de quase 150 mm de chuva em 24 horas e rajadas de vento de 70km/h, registrados em 08/07/2020 pela MetSul. | |
| 603 | Cities 2020 | 35880 | Municipality of Porto Alegre | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Migration from rural areas to cities; Population displacement | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Se por um lado as chuvas extremas estão mais frequentes, por outro, o Estado vem sentindo longos períodos de estiagem, como o deste ano (2020), gerando problemas para a o setor da agricultura e pecuária para o abastecimento de água. Em Porto Alegre, especificamente, ocorreram problemas como falta de abastecimento de agua em bairros mais vulneráveis, como a Lomba do Pinheiro, e seca de lagos com problemas para a faina local, como o lago do Parcão (Parque Moinhos de Vento). | |
| 604 | Cities 2020 | 35883 | City of San José | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | Medium | Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Residential | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Those who work outside/are active outdoors, homeless populations; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | A limited increase in the number of heat waves is expected by 2050. By 2100, between six and 10 more heat waves can be expected per year. Increased temperatures manifested as heat waves and sustained high heat days directly harm human health through heat-related illnesses (mild heat stress to fatal heat stroke) and the exacerbation of pre-existing conditions in the medically fragile, chronically ill, and vulnerable. In 2012, nearly 40% of adult county residents reported one or more chronic health conditions, 15% reported being diagnosed with asthma, and about 19% were obese. Furthermore, nearly 8% of county residents 5 years or older had a mental or physical disability. In 2010, the county had approximately 39,000 outdoor workers whose occupation increased their risk of heat illness, and about 35% of households in the county were estimated to lack air conditioning. Increased heat also intensifies the photochemical reactions that produce smog and ground level ozone and fine particulates (PM2.5), which contribute to and exacerbate respiratory disease in children and adults. Increased heat and carbon dioxide enhance the growth of plants that produce pollen, which are associated with allergies. Increased temperatures add to the heat load of buildings in urban areas and exacerbate existing urban heat islands adding to the risk of high ambient temperatures. In addition, violent crime has been shown to increase during heat events. In 2005-2010, there was an annual average of 99 heat-related emergency room visits in the county, and an age-adjusted rate of 5.7 emergency room visits per 100,000 persons. In addition, habitats in our county have evolved in a relatively mild climate, with few temperature extremes. As a result, the county currently supports several fragile habitats that may be particularly vulnerable to climate extremes, including Serpentine Scrub, Ephemeral Wetlands, and Redwood Forests. However, temperature increases will impact all habitats. Examples of potential impacts include species composition changes and increase in invasive species. Decreases in ecosystem services associated with vegetation change may also result in impacts to adjacent built lands. | |
| 605 | Cities 2020 | 35883 | City of San José | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Residential | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Those who work outside/are active outdoors, homeless populations; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Extreme heat days and especially nights have become more frequent since 1950. Heat waves have been highly variable each year, but night time heat waves have shown a marked increase since the mid-1970s. During periods of extreme heat energy demand increases as more people rely on air conditioning to stay cool. Lack of air conditioning increases risk of illness or death in extreme heat events, which pose the greatest risk to the elderly; people with mental illness, chronic conditions, or low incomes; people who are homeless or incarcerated; and those experiencing social or health-related vulnerabilities. In addition, violent crime has been shown to increase during heat events. In 2012, nearly 40% of adult county residents reported one or more chronic health conditions, 15% reported being diagnosed with asthma, and about 19% were obese. Furthermore, nearly 8% of county residents 5 years or older had a mental or physical disability. In 2005-2010, there was an annual average of 99 heat-related emergency room visits in the county, and an age-adjusted rate of 5.7 emergency room visits per 100,000 persons. In addition, habitats in our county have evolved in a relatively mild climate, with few temperature extremes. As a result, the county currently supports several fragile habitats that may be particularly vulnerable to climate extremes, including Serpentine Scrub, Ephemeral Wetlands, and Redwood Forests. However, temperature increases will impact all habitats. Examples of potential impacts include species composition changes and increase in invasive species. Decreases in ecosystem services associated with vegetation change may also result in impacts to adjacent built lands. | |
| 606 | Cities 2020 | 35883 | City of San José | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | High | High | Increased resource demand; Migration from rural areas to cities | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Over the past 120 years, California has become increasingly dry. The most recent drought from 2012 to 2016 was the most extreme since instrumental records began. In years to come, annual rainfall is expected to decrease in the Bay Area – 1 to 3 inches by 2050 and 4 to 5 inches by 2090. Drought, both in the Sierra Nevada mountains and the local region, decreases the availability and quality of water for humans. This includes reduced water levels to fight wildfires. Drought may increase exposure to health hazards including wildfires, dust storms, extreme heat events, land subsidence, increased water pollution, erosion, degraded water quality, reduced water quantity, degradation of watersheds, alteration of ecosystems and loss of habitat. It can also lead to the emergence of new contagious and vector-borne disease. Although San José significantly cut back on its water consumption during the most recent drought, a rebound is expected, and demand will continue to grow in the absence of long-term measures. It is in the community’s interest to curb its water use to reduce the strain on the water supply and be prepared for future droughts. In addition, habitats in our county have evolved in a relatively mild climate, with large storms and long, intense droughts happening only rarely. As a result, the county currently supports several fragile habitats that may be particularly vulnerable to climate extremes, including Serpentine Scrub, Ephemeral Wetlands, and Redwood Forests. However, precipitation changes will impact all habitats. Examples of potential impacts include species composition changes due to more frequent wildfires and increase in invasive species. Decreases in ecosystem services associated with vegetation change may also result in impacts to adjacent built lands. | |
| 607 | Cities 2020 | 35883 | City of San José | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Residential; Transport | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Short-term (by 2025) | San Jose has three major rivers/creeks with numerous tributaries featuring various levels of flood control mitigation. While flood mitigation features continue to be installed over time, climate change is projected to increase flood volumes by 60 to 80% over the next 50 years. Climate change is also expected to drive earlier snow melt upstream, leading to higher stream flow increases and increased likelihood of flooding. San José’s waterways have a history of flooding causing damage to private property and transportation infrastructure. Most recently in February 2017, the Coyote Creek flooded large areas of downtown San José causing $73 million in damages, including extensive damage in residential neighborhoods. | |
| 608 | Cities 2020 | 35883 | City of San José | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Flood and sea level rise > Coastal flood | No | Medium | High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Residential; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | Medium Low | Short-term (by 2025) | Sea level rise threatens the South San Francisco Bay shoreline, including parts of the City of San José. In 2010, about 12,532 county residents lived on coastal blocks at risk of inundation from a 100-year flood. With an additional 55 inches of sea level rise, the inundation zone would potentially include more than 39,000 residents. The residential community of Alviso, the San Jose-Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility (Facility), several solid waste facilities, a water purification facility and numerous other privately-owned industrial sites, including many of Silicon Valley's "high-tech" companies, could all be subject to coastal flooding. The area also features extensive wildlife habitat. | |
| 609 | Cities 2020 | 35883 | City of San José | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 6 | Wild fire > Land fire | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Residential | Elderly; Other, please specify: People who work or are active outdoors; homeless populations; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | San Jose is ringed by zones of Moderate Fire Hazard Severity. In 2010, about 2% of the county’s residents lived in fire hazard zones of moderate to very high severity. From 1980 to 1989, 24 wildfires at least 490 acres in size consumed a total of 112,892 acres in the Bay Area. The CAL FIRE archives (which report only fires of a significant size) include 62 instances of wildfire in the county from 1878 to 2009, affecting 113,345 acres or 177 square miles. Drought, which is expected to occur more frequently with climate change, increases the risk of wildfires and reduces the amount of water available to fight wildfires. Climate change is also expected to cause fires to spread faster and burn more intensely in most vegetation types, particularly grassland. In Santa Clara County, a 51% increase in future is expected in fires that escape, as well as a 41% increase in the amount of acres burned in the average “contained” fire. In addition, more frequent or extensive fires could drive shifts from forest to grass and shrub vegetation, increasing susceptibility to future fires. Wildfires impact watersheds by increasing the risk of landslides, mudslides, and sediment in run-off that reduces water quality. In addition to fire-related injuries, local and regional transport of smoke, ash, and fine particles increases respiratory and cardiovascular risks. Wildfires can also disrupt energy distribution, both directly by disrupting transmission lines and indirectly by causing utilities to shut down electricity distribution to avoid generating fire-starting sparks. In San Jose, PG&E began using Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPSs) during the 2019 fire season to reduce the risk of wildfire by preemptively stopping electricity distribution during high-temperature, high-wind conditions. In the first PSPS event affecting San Jose in 2019, almost 20,000 San Jose customer accounts went without power an average of more than 16 hours. In the second PSPS event affecting San Jose, almost 7,500 customer accounts went without power for an average of more than 40 hours. These accounts included hundreds of residents relying on electrically powered medical equipment and critical facilities including fire stations, police stations, lift and pump stations, cooling centers, healthcare facilities, assisted living facilities, public libraries, traffic lights, and schools. | |
| 610 | Cities 2020 | 35884 | City of San Diego | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | No | Do not know | Low | Increased demand for healthcare services | Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Increased intensity and frequency of flooding and erosion. | |
| 611 | Cities 2020 | 35884 | City of San Diego | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | High | High | Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Energy | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Increased frequency and severity of extreme heat events. This places a strain on the electrical grid and can result in brownouts and blackouts. Air conditioning is a financial burden to low income families and homes without air conditioning can be unsafe during extreme heat events to vulnerable populations. The City has established and widely advertised cool zones as safe places to shelter during such events. It is expected that this strategy will need to continue and expand moving forward. | |
| 612 | Cities 2020 | 35884 | City of San Diego | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Wild fire > Land fire | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Population displacement | Emergency services | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Fires are frequent when the weather is hot and dry. With increased temperatures, wildfires are expected to be both more frequent and more severe. Impacts include displacement of residents, loss of homes, loss of ecological habitat, risk to health and safety, and economic losses. | |
| 613 | Cities 2020 | 35884 | City of San Diego | United States of America | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Flood and sea level rise > Permanent inundation | No | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for public services | Tourism | Low-income households | Increasing | Increasing | High | Long-term (after 2050) | As a coastal town, San Diego is vulnerable to sea level rise as well as increasing storm related inundation. Storm related inundation has been rare and mild relative to projected future scenarios. Low-lying areas along the coast will need to implement strategies to cope with rising sea levels and more common inundation events. | |
| 614 | Cities 2020 | 35885 | Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality | Israel | Middle East | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Emergency services; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | The average temperature in Israel is expected to rise from the current period (2018) to the end of 2050 by 0.90 to 1.20 degrees (Co). Summer is getting longer. Impacts- Heat waves coupled with the humidity in Tel Aviv-Yafo amplify the urban heat island effect that enhances the effect. The heat waves make the city's public spaces and streets practically unusable, thus negatively effecting local businesses and urban living. The heatwaves also affect the city's sustainability, water quality, transportation system, biodiversity, telecommunication and electricity usage. Health impacts result in increased morbidity, higher demand for health services, increased vulnerability of vulnerable population groups, The overload of air-conditioning on the electricity grid produces frequent power shortages and emits heat to the public realm. | |
| 615 | Cities 2020 | 35885 | Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality | Israel | Middle East | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | A significant increase in recent decades, for days when the maximum temperature is higher than 30 ° CExtra hot days are an acute health hazard and directly impact the residents' wellbeing and the city's environment. | |
| 616 | Cities 2020 | 35885 | Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality | Israel | Middle East | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Water Scarcity > Drought | No | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Food & agriculture; Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | According to climatic models, the amount of rainfall is expected to fall, evaporation is expected to rise, consequently droughts are likely to increaseMore intense droughts might cause drinking water and food supply problems and directly affect biodiversity. | |
| 617 | Cities 2020 | 35885 | Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality | Israel | Middle East | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Flood and sea level rise > Coastal flood | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Public health; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport | Low-income households; Other, please specify: People living in the affected areas; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Tel Aviv Yafo is a coastal city' with a relatively long stretch of beach front of 14km. This area is vulnerable to storm surges and the gradual rise of sea level. | |
| 618 | Cities 2020 | 35885 | Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality | Israel | Middle East | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Food & agriculture; Land use planning; Public health; Residential | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Intense rain results in flooding, due to river overflow and blockage of the city's drainage system; overflow of rainwater flows directly to the sea causing pollution and flooding. Rainstorms affect residents and businesses and impact on living conditions. The location of the city in the floodplains of the Yarkon and Ayalon Rivers, the proximity of disadvantaged neighborhoods to the floodplains, water flowing into the sea and pollution.Infrastructure and transport-related damages, personal injury and property damages, harm to disadvantaged population groups and to natural and ecosystems . | ||
| 619 | Cities 2020 | 35885 | Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality | Israel | Middle East | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 6 | Biological hazards > Insect infestation | Yes | Low | Low | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Densely populated areas are more vulnerable to the outbreak and spread of epidemics and invasive pests; densely populated areas also produce concentrations of vulnerable population groups.Increased morbidity and diseases, higher demand for health services and public services, economic harm, increased vulnerability of disadvantaged population groups, heightened tensions , higher demand for resources . | ||
| 620 | Cities 2020 | 35885 | Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality | Israel | Middle East | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 7 | Wild fire > Land fire | No | Low | Low | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Residential | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium Low | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Urban density increases the risk of fires spreading; concentrations of flammable and hazardous materials increase the risk inherent in fires.Personal injury and property damage, harm to natural systems, flora and fauna, far-reaching air pollution | |
| 621 | Cities 2020 | 35886 | Comune di Torino | Italy | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | The main floods the city experienced in the past (1994, 2000 and 2016) caused damage to riverbank and water flooded some districts of the city. Several important bridges have been closed and river activities (sport and tourism) were stopped with consequences on relative infrastructures. The impacts were on commercial activities, transportation, inconveniences in the normal city routine and lifestyle. Some companies and factories interrupted their activities for days, with costs due to the productivity losses and damage to production infrastructures. The school system was suspended. Mobility and human well-being were heavly affected.We expect that in the future the risks will increase both in terms of frequency and intensity. | |
| 622 | Cities 2020 | 35886 | Comune di Torino | Italy | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Residential; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Surface floods due to concentrate heavy rain events (embedded or not in a thunderstorm), often impredictable in advance in terms of location and exact timing, not well manage by the city drainage system, cause several temporary impacts. Transportation interruptions or delay, discomfort in the social life, damage to residential and commercial flooded areas. Some local damages to factories and public services suspensions. When the rain is associated with thunderstorm, hail and heavy winds affect the urban green infrastructure, mainly the arboreal heritage.We expect that in the future the risks will increase both in terms of frequency and intensity. | |
| 623 | Cities 2020 | 35886 | Comune di Torino | Italy | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Industrial; Public health | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | The increase in the heatwaves frequency and intensity, is the climate risk connected to a high impact on elderly and weak (low income and lonely people). The city experience in the 2003 and 2015 an excess of mortality and morbidity in the over 65 years old class of about 33% and 25% respectively. The impacts were on the public health system and relative service costs, on the industrial processes (more fire due to very hot temperatures and difficulties in the water using for cooling). The heatwaves affect the green of the city, favoring the invasive plants (algae bloom in the rivers) and insects spread out. The human wellbeing was affected, with general discomfort for the people living in the city, transportation and social activities. The loss of productivity, not yet quantified, is another probable impact. Also energy blackouts can occur during heat waves period due to the high request for cooling. Sometimes ozone pollution is leaded by heat waves.At the moment no impacts were recorded on the fresh drinkable water but, considering the future scenarios, the city have to adopt measures to assure this service avoiding interruptions.We expect that in the future the risks will increase both in terms of frequency and intensity. | |
| 624 | Cities 2020 | 35893 | City of Dar es Salaam | United Republic of Tanzania | Africa | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Public health; Transport; Waste management | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Decreasing | Decreasing | Medium | Short-term (by 2025) | Calamities peoples live, housing destruction, bridge and roads damage and solid waste disposition | |
| 625 | Cities 2020 | 35893 | City of Dar es Salaam | United Republic of Tanzania | Africa | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Biological hazards > Water-borne disease | Yes | High | Medium | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Decreasing | Decreasing | Medium | Immediately | Destruction of of community routine livelihood. | |
| 626 | Cities 2020 | 35893 | City of Dar es Salaam | United Republic of Tanzania | Africa | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Water Scarcity > Drought | No | Does not currently impact the city | Does not currently impact the city | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Migration from rural areas to cities; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Land use planning; Public health; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Do not know | Do not know | Do not know | The drought of 2006 damaged agricultural production, necessitated electricity cuts (and thus drops in industrial production) and cut GDP growth by 1% | ||
| 627 | Cities 2020 | 35894 | Ville de Montreal | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | Do not know | Medium | Other, please specify: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal operations | Increasing | Increasing | During a heavy rainfall episode, once the network is saturated, runoff water can no longer enter and instead accumulates in lower points, which can cause flooding. Basements are particularly at risk of being flooded. Factors such as inadequate ground levelling and the presence of a garage entrance with a slope toward the house can result in the flooding of homes. Also, unprotected buildings can suffer from sewer backups. Building floods cause considerable economic losses. First, they result in costs related to property destruction and damages. Second, the increase in flood damages to buildings results in increased insurance premiums and can even sometimes reduce insurers’ coverage of this risk. Significant emotional or material losses can bring about psychological distress among victims. Also, flooded buildings are at a greater risk of developing mould, which can cause serious health problems, such as asthma and allergic reactions. Heavy rainwater runoff and floods in urban environments may also damage the road network, sewer systems (particularly retention basins, rainwater and combined sewers and pumping stations) and underground facilities, which can result in service outages depending on the service (electricity, telephone, Internet, and so forth). In addition to reducing people’s mobility in the area, floods have caused accidents and discomforts.Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, Service des infrastructures, de la voirie et du transport (Infrasctruture road and transport service), Service de la mise en valeur du territoire (land development service) and City of Montréal (19 boroughs) and the 15 related cities are affected. | |||||
| 628 | Cities 2020 | 35894 | Ville de Montreal | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | Do not know | Medium | Other, please specify: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal operations | Increasing | Increasing | Periods of extreme heat cause people thermal stress, meaning cramps, fainting and heatstroke, which results in many hospitalizations. Extreme heat may even aggravate individuals’ frail condition and cause premature deaths. In the past 30 years, heat waves have been responsible for over 400 deaths in the Montréal agglomeration. Heat waves can also exacerbate the impacts of atmospheric pollution, aggravate health problems and restrict the practice of outdoor activities and sports. Vegetation is also vulnerable to heat waves, because extreme heat induces shocks, such as water stress, that can lead to illnesses; in turn, these problems increase the need for preventive maintenance and treatment. Heat waves, even brief ones, can diminish the populations of many insects. This may be positive in the case of harmful species, but unwanted in the case of species such as pollinators. The aquatic environment may also suffer during heat waves since heat waves give rise to cyanobacteria blooms. Extreme temperatures can affect or weaken the agglomeration’s infrastructures by impacting roads and arteries. Roadways that are heavily travelled and used by heavy vehicles may soften, deform and produce ruts under the weight of these vehicles. Extreme temperatures can also cause premature damages to structures’ expansion joints. Finally, heat waves often give rise to an increased demand for certain services, such as the use of swimming pools, wading pools and splash pads, and the extension of the business hours of airconditioned public buildings such as libraries and community centres.Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, Service des grands parcs, du verdissement et du Mont Royal (Large Parks, Greening and Mont Royal Service), Service de la mise en valeur du territoire (Land Development Service), City of Montréal (19 boroughs) and the 15 related cities are affected. | |||||
| 629 | Cities 2020 | 35894 | Ville de Montreal | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Do not know | Medium | Other, please specify: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal operations | None | Increasing | The impacts of droughts are mainly related to the settling of foundations, sidewalks, road surfaces and sewer lines that may occur when clay soils dry up. Droughts in urban settings mainly affect water quality due to a rise in temperature, a decline in dissolved oxygen concentrations, cyanobacteria blooms, eutrophication and an increased concentration of some pollutants. Droughts are also a source of water stress for plants, and may even kill them should the drought be a long one. This stress can also increase trees’ vulnerability to pests and pathogens. Drought periods are often accompanied by extreme heat that affects the level of air pollutants, such as dust and particles, as well as pollen, which is more easily airborne. The increase in airborne pollutants is believed to exacerbate the symptoms of respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses and contribute to degrading the health of people who are already frail. The operational impacts of drought particularly affect drinking water production and distribution networks. The increased demand for water can result in too much pressure on water treatment and purification equipment. Equipment’s adduction ability can also be impaired if water levels are very low, thus restricting the capacity of water production plants. Lastly, when there is limited rainfall, more street cleaning operations are required for streets to remain clean.Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, Service de l'eau (Water service), Service de la mise en valeur du territoire (Land Development Service), City of Montréal (19 boroughs) and the 15 related cities are affected. | ||||||
| 630 | Cities 2020 | 35894 | Ville de Montreal | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | Do not know | Medium Low | Other, please specify: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal operations | Increasing | Do not know | Whenever the flow rate or level of a river exceeds a critical threshold, the river overflows, causing a flood. In an urban setting, floods result in damages to the built environment and especially to buildings located in floodplains. They also impact sewer systems. In a flood, the sewer systems may saturate more quickly, resulting in backedup sewers in buildings. Heavy floods may weaken overtaxed infrastructures and damage them. Spring floods may also cause damage to underground utilities (electricity, telephone, Internet, and so forth), which can lead to service outages. Also, floods cause premature erosion and destabilization of riverbanks. Eroded riverbanks drag sediment into the water, which may affect water quality. Spring floods also impact the health of the populations affected. Not only can they bring about gastrointestinal illnesses when people are in direct contact with flood waters, they can cause psychological trauma to people who incur major material losses. Moreover, flooded basements are subject to the proliferation of mould, which can result in serious health issues such as asthma and allergic reactions. Floods in an urban environment can make it more difficult to move around, close sections of roadways and slow down traffic. Tunnels and viaducts may be submerged, causing traffic problems and even endangering the lives of people trapped in their vehicles. Lastly, river floods require a major mobilization of the teams responsible for implementing emergency response measures.Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, 5 boroughs of the City of Montréal (Ahuntsic Cartierville, Îles-Bizard-Sainte-Geneviève, Montréal-Nord, Pierrefonds-Roxboro, Rivières-des-Pariries-Pointe-aux-Trembles) and two related cities (Senneville and Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue) are affected. | |||||
| 631 | Cities 2020 | 35894 | Ville de Montreal | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Storm and wind > Severe wind | Do not know | Medium | Other, please specify: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal operations | Increasing | Increasing | Other hazard: destructive stormsStrong winds, freezing rain, hail and heavy snowfalls can all result in damages and wear on infrastructures and vegetation, which mainly consist of falling trees and branches, and damages to roofs or other components of the building envelope. Strong wind bursts can tear up or lift off certain elements of a house, for example its roof. Flying debris may hit and damage windows, window displays and façades, in addition to being a hazard for pedestrians. Heavy snowfalls and freezing rain can overload a roof structure and inflict damages. Storm disaster victims may suffer from psychological trauma. Destructive storms may also cause power outages. When outages occur in winter, citizens may have to leave their homes in search of warmth; in the home, they may suffer from carbon monoxide poisoning if they use heating or cooking devices indoors that are designed for outdoor use. Other direct consequences of power outages include the stoppage of home medical equipment and an increase in food poisoning when refrigerators and freezers stop working. The damages inflicted on lights or traffic signs, as well as the snow, ice or debris on the ground, can disrupt road traffic and pedestrian movement. The environmental impacts of destructive storms in an urban milieu mainly affect the vegetation, particularly in terms of uprooting trees or breaking their trunks and branches, which renders them more vulnerable to insects and diseases. Destructive storms increase pressure on service teams providing road maintenance (snow removal and road salting), tree maintenance and first response.Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, 19 boroughs of the City of Montréal and 15 related cities as well as Service de l'eau (Water Service) are affected. | ||||||
| 632 | Cities 2020 | 35894 | Ville de Montreal | Canada | North America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 6 | Yes | Do not know | Medium Low | Other, please specify | Increasing | Increasing | Other hazard: higher average temperatures. Higher average temperatures have an impact on different seasons. They cause a longer summer and a shorter winter, among other things, which in turn have repercussions on various parameters related to climate.The effects of higher average temperatures on the built environment are mainly observed in the wintertime. The increased number of freezethaw cycles entails an accelerated deterioration of the roadway system (potholes). It also accelerates wear on bridges, tunnels and overpasses. Higher average temperatures also impact the growth rate and geographical distribution of some harmful insect species , which may result in more frequent infestations frequencies and intensified damages to plants. An increase of a few degrees can generate drastic changes in plant biology, which may alter species’ distribution areas and could stimulate the growth of undesirable plant species. Plant pathogens are also more likely to survive milder winters, which favour the expansion of their distribution area. Pathogenic species that cannot survive in current conditions could eventually attack plants in our region. Higher average summer temperatures could extend allergenic plants’ pollen production season, which can result in greater health problems for people who have allergies. The increase in average temperatures is also causing a northward migration of vectorborne pathogen animal populations; in recent years, we have observed an increase in the occurrence of Lyme disease and West Nile virus (WNV).Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, Service des grands parcs, du verdissement et du Mont Royal (Parks Service), Service des infrastructures, de la voirie et des transports (infrastructure, roads and transport Service), City of Montréal (19 boroughs) and the 15 related cities are affected. | ||||||
| 633 | Cities 2020 | 35897 | Municipality of Campinas | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Aumento da incidência de doenças; desconforto térmico nas populações sem condições de dispositivos de mitigação; impactos na agricultura. | |
| 634 | Cities 2020 | 35897 | Municipality of Campinas | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Waste management | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Increased cases of vector-borne diseases. | |
| 635 | Cities 2020 | 35897 | Municipality of Campinas | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | Medium High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Industrial; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Women & girls | Decreasing | Decreasing | Medium | Immediately | Increased likelihood of floods; impact on agricultural production; material losses, troubles in public and private transportation. | |
| 636 | Cities 2020 | 35897 | Municipality of Campinas | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Migration from rural areas to cities | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Increased likelihood of fires and wildfires; increased incidence of respiratory diseases; impact on agricultural production; shortage of water supply | |
| 637 | Cities 2020 | 35897 | Municipality of Campinas | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Residential; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Women & girls | Decreasing | Decreasing | Medium | Immediately | Increased likelihood of floods; impact on agricultural production; material losses, troubles in public and private transportation. | |
| 638 | Cities 2020 | 35897 | Municipality of Campinas | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 6 | Wild fire > Land fire | Yes | Medium High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health | Children & youth; Elderly | None | None | High | Immediately | Increased likelihood of fires and wildfires; increased incidence of respiratory diseases; impact on agricultural production. | |
| 639 | Cities 2020 | 35897 | Municipality of Campinas | Brazil | Latin America | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 7 | Mass movement > Landslide | Yes | Low | Low | Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Residential; Waste management | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Decreasing | Decreasing | Low | Immediately | Deslizamento de terra em áreas de risco com ocupação irregular de moradias. | |
| 640 | Cities 2020 | 35898 | Greater Manchester | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | No | Medium Low | Medium Low | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Education; Emergency services; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Although heat waves and extreme hot days are extremely rare in GM in the present day, climate change projections indicate that they will become more common in the future. indeed, in the period 1945-1969 there were 2 heat stress incidents in GM. this rose to 10 in the period 1994-2017. as part of the GM Critical infrastructure risk assessment, using projected climate change (developed under the EcoCities project) for a 2050’s high GHG emissions scenario, projections suggest:-summer mean daily maximum temperature: + 5.6°C- Warmest day in summer: + 6°C- Warmest night in summer: + 4.4°C It is important to note that there is a geographic element to this hazard. Under the Ecocities project (Cavan 2010) 3 climate zones were defined for GM. The increases of heat stress (and max temp) is most prevalent for GM’s Mersey Basin zone. This increases the risk of negative impacts linked to high temperatures, such as negative health effects and reductions in the productivity of employees. this is particularly important due to economic activity concentrated in the city region core (and the Mersey basin zone) and the prevalence of vulnerable groups (deprived, health impacted, young and elderly) in the spatial locations projected to suffer the worse increases as well as urban heat island effect as a forcing factor on top.Therefore, the spatial pattern of GM’s urban heat island demonstrates that certain areas, generally those where development density is at its highest, are more likely to suffer from negative impacts as a result. There is also an equality dimension to heat stress. For example, looking at GM’s housing development types, there is greater potential exposure to heat stress in more deprived areas. In effect, groups that are vulnerable to heat stress, due to factors including poverty and poor health, show the highest potential exposure to this climate change impact. | |
| 641 | Cities 2020 | 35898 | Greater Manchester | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | Medium Low | Medium Low | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Education; Emergency services; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Do not know | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Although heat waves and extreme hot days are extremely rare in GM in the present day, climate change projections indicate that they will become more common in the future. Indeed, in the period 1945-1969 there were 2 heat stress incidents in GM, this rose to 10 in the period 1994-2017. As part of the GM Critical infrastructure risk assessment, using projected climate change (developed under the EcoCities project) for a 2050’s high GHG emissions scenario, projections suggest:-summer mean daily maximum temperature: + 5.6°C- Warmest day in summer: + 6°C- Warmest night in summer: + 4.4°C It is important to note that there is a geographic element to this hazard. Under the Ecocities project (Cavan 2010) 3 climate zones were defined for GM. The increases of heat stress (and max temp) is most prevalent for GM’s Mersey Basin zone. This increases the risk of negative impacts linked to high temperatures, such as negative health effects and reductions in the productivity of employees. this is particularly important due to economic activity concentrated in the city region core (and the Mersey basin zone) and the prevalence of vulnerable groups (deprived, health impacted, young and elderly) in the spatial locations projected to suffer the worse increases as well as urban heat island effect as a forcing factor on top.Therefore, the spatial pattern of GM’s urban heat island demonstrates that certain areas, generally those where development density is at its highest, are more likely to suffer from negative impacts as a result. There is also an equality dimension to heat stress. For example, looking at GM’s housing development types, there is greater potential exposure to heat stress in more deprived areas. In effect, groups that are vulnerable to heat stress, due to factors including poverty and poor health, show the highest potential exposure to this climate change impact. | |
| 642 | Cities 2020 | 35898 | Greater Manchester | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Information & communications technology; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons | Increasing | Increasing | High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Flooding stand out as one of the key weather and climate threats to the conurbation, not just in the future but also in the present day. Indeed, evidence from the EcoCities project suggests that flooding has been the most prominent hazard facing GM over recent decades, and that surface water flooding is superseding fluvial flooding (from main rivers) as the most common type of event (Carter and Lawson 2011). Indeed, pluvial flooding now dominates, accounting for 50% of all floods since 1994Within the GM Critical infrastructure risk assessment, which looked at 2050’s high GHG emissions scenario for GM’s Mersey Basin zone. Change is from 1961-1990 at 90th percentile) for this GM climate Zones (defined under the Ecocities project, Cavan 2010), under this emissions scenario, we expect the following hazard increases which will intensify the pluvial / flash flood risk by:Precipitation on wettest day in winter: + 31%- Precipitation on wettest day in summer: + 19%- Winter mean precipitation: +28%- Annual mean precipitation: +9% In addition to the damage flooding causes to buildings and infrastructure, flooding also brings knock-on secondary impacts which must be recognised. One example is the effect of flood damage to people’s homes, and the subsequent psychological stress that this can cause flood victims. | |
| 643 | Cities 2020 | 35898 | Greater Manchester | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 4 | Storm and wind > Severe wind | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Information & communications technology; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Do not know | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Disruption and short term problems associated with damage to infrastructure or problems with movement (including mobilisation of emergency response). There could be risk to health due to dangers of high winds. This could be compounded by disruption to the wider energy and ICT networks. This, alongside combinations of high wind events with higher rainfall could see this hazard impact combine with more frequent and higher risk fluvial and pluvial flood risks identified above. | |
| 644 | Cities 2020 | 35898 | Greater Manchester | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 5 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of traditional jobs | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Information & communications technology; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Flooding stand out as one of the key weather and climate threats to the conurbation, not just in the future but also in the present day. Indeed, evidence from the EcoCities project suggests that flooding has been the most prominent hazard facing GM over recent decades, and that surface water flooding is superseding fluvial flooding (from main rivers) as the most common type of event (Carter and Lawson 2011). Although fluvial flooding is relatively uncommon in GM, given the location of key assets and infrastructures within Flood Zones and the high consequences of related impacts should they occur, the associated risks remain high. Indeed GM is already seeing an intensification in its fluvial flood hazard. With 17 river flood events in the 1945-1969 period rising to 27 in the 1994-2017 period. Again this is a hazard GM projects to increase in intensity and risk. Within the GM Critical infrastructure risk assessment, which looked at 2050’s high GHG emissions scenario for GM’s Mersey Basin zone. Change is from 1961-1990 at 90th percentile) for this GM climate Zones (defined under the Ecocities project, Cavan 2010), under this emissions scenario, we expect the following hazard increases which will intensify the pluvial / flash flood risk by:Precipitation on wettest day in winter: + 31%- Precipitation on wettest day in summer: + 19%- Winter mean precipitation: +28%- Annual mean precipitation: +9% In addition to the damage flooding causes to buildings and infrastructure, flooding also brings knock-on secondary impacts which must be recognised. One example is the effect of flood damage to people’s homes, and the subsequent psychological stress that this can cause flood victims. | |
| 645 | Cities 2020 | 35898 | Greater Manchester | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 6 | Wild fire > Land fire | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for public services | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Tourism | Increasing | Increasing | Do not know | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Significant peatland wildfires have been occurring in the upland areas around GM, with 2018 an extreme year. Acerbated by land management practices, earlier drying of peatland and accidental/deliberate setting of fires, the impact of this hazard is expected to increase affecting land access, local health (air quality) and potentially risk to property (low) | ||
| 646 | Cities 2020 | 35898 | Greater Manchester | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Europe | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 7 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | Medium High | Medium | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Energy; Food & agriculture; Information & communications technology; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | With surface water flooding events increasing in frequency in GM, and climate change projections threatening a rise in intense downpours, attention needs to be paid to protecting people, buildings and infrastructure from the associated consequences | |
| 647 | Cities 2020 | 35903 | Le Grand Casablanca | Morocco | Africa | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Chemical change > Atmospheric CO2 concentrations | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Transport; Waste management | Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Short-term (by 2025) | Impacts sur l'état de l'environnement qui dégrade la qualité de vie des gens, et mènent à beaucoup de problèmes sociaux. | |
| 648 | Cities 2020 | 35903 | Le Grand Casablanca | Morocco | Africa | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2 | Biological hazards > Air-borne disease | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health | Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Les maladies véhiculées par l'air sont nombreux vu la situation actuelle, et ce pour la raison de non homogénéité de territoire, et la croissance démographique énorme dans la ville. | |
| 649 | Cities 2020 | 35903 | Le Grand Casablanca | Morocco | Africa | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 3 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Population displacement | Public health; Society / community & culture | Other, please specify: Tout le monde | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | rareté des ressources en eau (plusieurs années de sécheresse) | |
| 650 | Cities 2020 | 35905 | Corporation of Chennai | India | South and West Asia | Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify | Energy; Information & communications technology; Transport | Elderly; Low-income households; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Many areas of the city adjoining the river banks are particularly vulnerable. The city administration has provided and relocated much of the vulnerable population by providing housing and other ameneties. |
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This dataset contains public responses to the CDP-ICLEI Cities 2020 questionnaire on climate hazards. View cities questionnaire guidance at https://www.cdp.net/en/guidance.
This data is collected through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System. When using this data, please cite both organisations using the following wording: ‘This data was collected in partnership by CDP and ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability’.
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