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2021 Cities Climate Hazards

Row numberQuestionnaire NameAccount NumberAccount NameCountryCDP RegionParentSectionSectionQuestion NumberQuestion NameRowNumberRowNameClimate HazardsDid this hazard significantly impact your city before 2021?Current probability of hazardCurrent magnitude of hazardSocial impact of hazard overallMost relevant assets / services affected overallPlease identify which vulnerable populations are affectedFuture change in frequencyFuture change in intensityFuture expected magnitude of hazardWhen do you first expect to experience those changes in frequency and intensity?Please describe the impacts experienced so far, and how you expect the hazard to impact in the future
451Cities 202131179Gemeente RotterdamNetherlandsEurope2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.3Storm and wind > Storm surgeYesMedium HighHighIncreased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsCommercial; Industrial; Residential; TransportIncreasingIncreasingMediumMedium-term (2026-2050)higher frequency of closing the river barrier; impact on shipping (can't enter port)
452Cities 202131179Gemeente RotterdamNetherlandsEurope2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.4Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveYesMedium LowMedium LowIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; TransportChildren & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseasesIncreasingIncreasingMediumShort-term (by 2025)impact on public health; increased mortality;malfunctioning of bridge opening due to heat expansion
453Cities 202131179Gemeente RotterdamNetherlandsEurope2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.5Water Scarcity > DroughtYesMedium LowMediumOther, please specify: Houses with wooden piles can be affected and become uninhabitableEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitationIncreasingDo not knowMediumImmediatelyimpact on navigability of river and transport from harbour to hinterland; low groundwaterlevels causing wooden piles to dry up and greening affected.
454Cities 202131179Gemeente RotterdamNetherlandsEurope2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.6Chemical change > Salt water intrusionNoMedium HighLowFood & agriculture; Water supply & sanitationIncreasingIncreasingMediumMedium-term (2026-2050)impact on water quality and agricutural activities; impact on ecosystem
455Cities 202131179Gemeente RotterdamNetherlandsEurope2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.7Extreme Precipitation > Rain stormYesMedium HighMedium LowIncreased demand for public services; Other, please specify: Damage to low-lying housesResidential; TransportIncreasingIncreasingMediumImmediatelyflooding of streets and houses and infrastructure
456Cities 202131179Gemeente RotterdamNetherlandsEurope2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.8Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot daysYesMediumMedium LowIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illnessPublic health; Residential; TransportChildren & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseasesIncreasingIncreasingMediumShort-term (by 2025)impact on public health; increased mortality; malfunctioning of bridge opening due to heat expansion
457Cities 202131179Gemeente RotterdamNetherlandsEurope2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.9Mass movement > SubsidenceYesHighHighIncreased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacementLand use planning; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitationLow-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingNoneIncreasingHighImmediatelysubsidence of peat soils; damage to fundaments of older houses (wooden piles); malfunctioning/breakdown of underground infrastructure (pipes, sewers)
458Cities 202131179Gemeente RotterdamNetherlandsEurope2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.10Biological hazards > Water-borne diseaseNoLowMedium LowIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illnessEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Public healthChildren & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseasesDo not knowDo not knowLowMedium-term (2026-2050)impact on human health from water-borne infections
459Cities 202131180Región Metropolitana de SantiagoChileLatin America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.1Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveYesHighMediumIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEmergency services; Food & agriculture; Public health; Water supply & sanitationElderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseasesIncreasingIncreasingMediumImmediatelyProlonged periods with temperatures over 30°C
460Cities 202131180Región Metropolitana de SantiagoChileLatin America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.2Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface floodYesMedium HighMediumIncreased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Population displacementEmergency services; Law & order; ResidentialLow-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingHighShort-term (by 2025)Floods with high sediment load, both in urban and rural areas.
461Cities 202131180Región Metropolitana de SantiagoChileLatin America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.3Wild fire > Forest fireYesHighHighIncreased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Migration from rural areas to cities; Population displacementEmergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Residential; Society / community & culture; TourismChildren & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Marginalized groups; Women & girlsIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediatelyFire in outlying areas of the city.
462Cities 202131180Región Metropolitana de SantiagoChileLatin America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.4Extreme cold temperature > Cold waveYesMediumMedium HighIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEmergency services; Public health; Residential; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseasesIncreasingIncreasingMediumShort-term (by 2025)Prolonged periods with temperatures close to 0°C.
463Cities 202131180Región Metropolitana de SantiagoChileLatin America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.5Water Scarcity > DroughtYesHighHighIncreased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Migration from rural areas to cities; Population displacementEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Land use planning; Residential; Tourism; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Women & girlsIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediatelySignificant water shortages, with direct impacts on the population and agriculture.
464Cities 202131180Región Metropolitana de SantiagoChileLatin America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.6Extreme cold temperature > Extreme winter conditionsNoMediumMediumIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demandCommercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Women & girlsIncreasingDo not knowMediumMedium-term (2026-2050)days with temperatures below 0°C, close to -3°C.
465Cities 202131180Región Metropolitana de SantiagoChileLatin America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.7Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot daysYesHighHighIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsCommercial; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential; Tourism; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Women & girlsIncreasingIncreasingMediumImmediatelyDays with temperatures close to 40°C. The frequency is expected to raise.
466Cities 202131180Región Metropolitana de SantiagoChileLatin America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.8Mass movement > Rock fallYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacementEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Transport; Water supply & sanitationPersons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingMedium HighShort-term (by 2025)Is expected to have rainfalls at higher height over sea level where used to have snowfall in addition to the deforestation in mountain surroundings. examples: http://sitiohistorico.sernageomin.cl/pdf/presentaciones-geo/Primer-Catastro-Nacional-Desastres-Naturales.pdf
467Cities 202131181City of Philadelphia, PAUnited States of AmericaNorth America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.1Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot daysYesMedium LowHighIncreased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsPublic healthChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediatelyCurrent science projects number of days over 95 to increase from fewer than 5 annually to as many as 50 by 2100. This will result in higher incidents of heat health events (e.g. heat stroke) for Philadelphia residents and visitors. The City has developed a Heat Vulnerability Index to identify residents most at-risk from current and future high heat: https://www.phila.gov/2019-07-16-heat-vulnerability-index-highlights-city-hot-spots/
468Cities 202131181City of Philadelphia, PAUnited States of AmericaNorth America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.2Extreme cold temperature > Extreme winter conditionsYesMedium LowMediumIncreased demand for public servicesEmergency services; Public health; TransportElderlyIncreasingIncreasingMediumImmediatelyProjections indicate that winter precipitation is likely to increase throughout the 21st century. This will stress Philadelphia's road and transit networks, many of which date back more than a century, as well as the City's municipal budget to deal with increased storms.
469Cities 202131181City of Philadelphia, PAUnited States of AmericaNorth America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.3Flood and sea level rise > Coastal floodYesMediumMedium HighIncreased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illnessCommercial; Emergency services; ResidentialPersons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingMediumMedium-term (2026-2050)Sea level rise will increase flooding risk along Philadelphia's tidal rivers, threatening communities, waterfront industry, and the Philadelphia International Airport.
470Cities 202131181City of Philadelphia, PAUnited States of AmericaNorth America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.4Storm and wind > Storm surgeNoHighMedium HighIncreased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illnessCommercial; Emergency services; Public health; Residential; TransportPersons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingMediumMedium-term (2026-2050)The Department of Energy modeled the impact of storm surge and sea level rise for Philadelphia, demonstrating the risk for flooding in parts of the city that have not experienced it in the past. Residents in these communities may be less prepared for extreme weather if they were not previously exposed to storm surge.
471Cities 202131182City of San Francisco, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.1Flood and sea level rise > Coastal floodDo not knowMedium HighMediumIncreased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of tax base to support public servicesCommercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Industrial; Public health; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Unhoused Populations; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilitiesIncreasingIncreasingMedium HighMedium-term (2026-2050)Flooding from sea level rise will damage building and roads in the coastal neighborhoods of the city. Flooding also represents a risk to major transportation hubs infrastructure in the region. Coastal flooding can have a long-term effect on major industrial and commercial activities along the coastal areas of the city as well as damage urban forestry and local natural biodiversity. Coastal flooding also increases the risk of shoreline erosion, undermining or damaging nearby facilities.
472Cities 202131182City of San Francisco, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.2Water Scarcity > DroughtYesMedium HighMediumIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsCommercial; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Unhoused Populations; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed personsIncreasingIncreasingMedium HighShort-term (by 2025)Apart from impacting food production, crop yields, damage to wildlife habitat, drought also have a social and economic impact, including economic and physical hardship and increased stress on residents of a drought-stricken areas for water supply and other healthcare services. In San Francisco, the primary impact of drought is reduced availability of water for residential and commercial use. Sourcing water from the HetchHetchy Reservoir across drought-stricken California and with limited and/or unpredictable changes in rainfall for direct capture, San Francisco has already grappled with this hazard.
473Cities 202131182City of San Francisco, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.3Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveYesHighMediumIncreased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEducation; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Unhoused Populations; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed personsIncreasingIncreasingHighShort-term (by 2025)A main concern is that people are much less prepared for and acclimatized to heat waves in otherwise mild city climates. During a heat wave, rates of emergency department visitation and hospitalization increase, as well as heat-related deaths. In addition, many housing units do not in San Francisco metropolitan area have access to air conditioning or other cooling mechanisms. Heat waves overwhelm the work of hospitals and other health providers. The elderly, the very young, and those with chronic health problems are most at risk when extreme heat occurs. Severe heat waves lead to increase in electricity demand for cooling and the city’s electric reliability may be more vulnerable.
474Cities 202131182City of San Francisco, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.4Extreme Precipitation > Rain stormDo not knowMedium HighMediumIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Residential; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Unhoused Populations; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed personsIncreasingIncreasingMedium HighMedium-term (2026-2050)Stormwater ponding occurs when runoff during heavy rains is too great to be captured and carried by the stormwater system. The stormwater system may also be disrupted when debris blocks inlets or pipes and low-lying areas may be flooded. Stormwater ponding can create a pollution problem during heavy rain storms as floodwaters carry debris, chemicals, trash, and other pollutants that have collected on streets. This disrupts the normal operation of city’s waste management and transportation systems, along with posing sanitation risks. Because the City has a combine sewer and storm drain system rainfall runoff can have consequences on both infrastructure and public health
475Cities 202131182City of San Francisco, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.5Chemical change > Salt water intrusionDo not knowMedium HighMediumIncreased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Residential; Waste management; Water supply & sanitationLow-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingMedium HighMedium-term (2026-2050)Salt water intrusion will likely cause damage to underground infrastructure, such as pipes and foundations. Rising coastal water levels will affect San Francisco’s waste water treatment systems and slow drainage of runoff to the bay, as some of the waste treatment plants lack the capacity to fully handle storm flows increasing the risk of potential spillage of sewage into the Bay. Saltwater intrusion into the city’s treatment facilities will also alter the biotic conditions necessary for the breakdown of waste material.
476Cities 202131182City of San Francisco, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.6Flood and sea level rise > Permanent inundationNoLowLowIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of tax base to support public services; Population displacementCommercial; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Unhoused Populations; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed personsIncreasingIncreasingMediumMedium-term (2026-2050)The San Francisco shoreline is relatively developed with seawalls and harder urban edges that are more at risk from coastal flooding than tidal inundation. The southern shoreline of the city is more natural and tidal wetland resources are at risk from rising sea level. Inundation of facilities, causing water damage to structures and contents. Along the bay shoreline, inundation may close roadways and cause damage to nearby structures; wave action can damage waterfront facilities. With sea level rise, the number and intensity of these inundations are likely to increase.
477Cities 202131182City of San Francisco, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.7Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot daysYesMedium HighHighIncreased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEnergy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseasesIncreasingIncreasingHighShort-term (by 2025)Urban heat islands may be 5 to 8 degrees Celsius warmer than surrounding areas experiencing the same weather systems. Impervious ground and roof surfaces limit natural cooling that takes place when plants and soil release water vapor into the air, a problem compounded by lack of shade. This increases energy demand for cooling and impacts health: Heat waves are more dangerous for people when the body cannot cool off at night. Heat-related illness and death also increase the need for better emergency response management and capacity-building.
478Cities 202131182City of San Francisco, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.8Wild fire > Forest fireYesHighMediumIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsPublic healthChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Unhoused Populations; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed personsIncreasingIncreasingHighShort-term (by 2025)In 2018, a wildfire in Butte County coincided with the westward “Diablo Winds” and funneled wildfire smoke south and west through the delta into the San Francisco Bay. A high-pressure system off the coast blocked San Francisco’s normal ocean breezes and trapped the wildfire smoke in the Bay Area. San Francisco’s AQI was over 150 for 12 straight days, peaking at 228. This wildfire smoke emergency caused significant disruption as schools were canceled. It is likely that the wildfire smoke emergency impacts were not evenly distributed as residents with access to air filtration were less exposed to wildfire smoke.
479Cities 202131184Prefeitura de São PauloBrazilLatin America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.1Extreme Precipitation > Rain stormYesMedium HighMedium HighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsCommercial; Emergency services; Energy; Public health; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitationLow-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Women & girlsIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelySão Paulo está situada em uma região com alta pluviosidade e as inundações são naturalmente usuais. Mas o aumento da frequência e intensidade destas causam muito mais danos por conta da impermeabilização da cidade, ocupações em áreas de risco de inundação e encostas e pelo grande número de pessoas vulneráveis que são atingidas durante os eventos mais significativos. As inundações mais fortes ocorrem em geral no período do verão causando danos materiais tanto de empresas como de moradores e do poder público, além de prejuízos e perdas humanas e de comprometer a mobilidade de vias de grande fluxo de pessoas.
480Cities 202131184Prefeitura de São PauloBrazilLatin America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.2Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot daysYesHighHighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEmergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseasesIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediatelyA cidade de São Paulo tem registrado aumento nas médias das temperaturas nas últimas décadas, culminando nos meses de verão, além das mudanças nas médias do ano todo, inclusive nos meses de inverno. A umidade relativa do ar também sofreu alterações ao logo desses anos, com o ar mais seco, quase perda total da garoa e neblina, que eram característicos na região devido à proximidade com a serra do mar.
481Cities 202131184Prefeitura de São PauloBrazilLatin America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.3Storm and wind > Severe windYesMediumMediumIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Aumento demanda serviços de emergência e de energia elétricaEmergency services; Residential; TransportLow-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediatelyA cidade de São Paulo assim como outras da RMSP têm registrado a ocorrência de eventos com rajadas de ventos fortes nos últimos anos, principalmente no período do verão. Essas rajadas causam a queda de inúmeras espécies arbóreas e de revoada de equipamentos urbanos, destelhamentos e acidentes envolvendo a queda de árvores em vias de alto tráfego, inclusive com vítimas fatais quando atingem veículos ocupados. No verão de 2014, na noite do dia 29 de dezembro a cidade foi atingida por ventos de até 96 km por hora causando grandes prejuízos e a queda de centenas de árvores: http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2014/12/chuva-forte-na-madrugada-derruba-quase-100-arvores-em-sao-paulo.htmlEssese eventos têm se intensificado na cidade e na região. Segue notícia a respeito: https://www.em.com.br/app/noticia/nacional/2018/03/22/interna_nacional,945870/queda-de-arvore-aumenta-em-todas-as-regioes-de-sp.shtml
482Cities 202131184Prefeitura de São PauloBrazilLatin America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.4Flood and sea level rise > River floodYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacementCommercial; Emergency services; Energy; Food & agriculture; Information & communications technology; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girlsIncreasingIncreasingMediumImmediatelyA cidade tem registrado o aumento das chuvas extremas e de altos volumes pluviométricos nas últimas décadas. O regime de chuvas foi alterado e apresenta mais dias sem chuva e o aumento de chuvas volumosas concentradas em porções diferenciadas do território que quando atingem os principais rios da cidade, Tietê, Tamanduateí e Pinheiros, causam o transbordamento e alagamento das vias e das regiões próximas e atingem as populações mais vulneráveis. UMa das metas da gestão é a Cidade Resiliente, e a meta relacionada é a de atender a 27.500 famílias beneficiadas com Urbanização Integrada em Assentamentos Precários. Atualizar o mapeamento das áreas de risco geológico, realizados pelo IPT em 2010. Iniciar o mapeamento dos riscos hidrológicos e tecnológicos, adequando as metodologias existentes à realidade do município, de forma a subsidiar o planejamento e implantação do processo de gerenciamento destes riscos. Elaborar a relação de áreas prioritárias para a implantação do gerenciamento dos riscos, de forma a balizar as ações internas e, também, informar as comunidades como forma de sensibilizá-las sobre a importância da sua integração neste processo de gerenciamento. Fortalecer os 380 Núcleos de Defesa Civil (NUDECs) existentes por meio da integração e organização das comunidades das áreas de risco a partir dos critérios de criticidade pré-estabelecidos dentro dos planos de contingências a serem implantados nas respectivas áreas.Meta 31 reduzir em 15% (3,4 km²) as áreas inundáveis da cidade. Cálculo da Mancha de Inundação o cálculo da mancha de inundação na cidade de São Paulo foi realizado por meio da combinação de métodos empíricos, a partir da coleta de dados em campo, com a modelagem matemática, utilizando software específico, considerando as características geográficas do local, a infraestrutura de drenagem existente e a infraestrutura planejada. Funcionalidades: obras de drenagem que têm efeito redutor na mancha de inundação da cidade, podendo incluir reservatórios de contenção de cheias, polderes, construção ou reforço de galerias, canalização de córregos e outros.
483Cities 202131184Prefeitura de São PauloBrazilLatin America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.5Water Scarcity > DroughtYesMedium HighMediumFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacementCommercial; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Water supply & sanitationElderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girlsIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediatelyA crise hídrica no município de São Paulo já ocorreu no período crítico entre 2013/2014 afetando todo o estado mais populoso do Brasil, no qual os níveis de seca e redução de oferta de água atingiram níveis preocupantes e poucas vezes vistos na história local. Um dos símbolos desta crise é a diminuição drástica do Sistema Cantareira, imenso reservatório administrado pela Sabesp e responsável pelo abastecimento de água de cerca de 8,8 milhões de pessoas. A seca na Região Sudeste, em associação a fatores ligados à infraestrutura e planejamento, é a responsável pela pior crise hídrica enfrentada pela região. A atuação da Sabesp na crise foi criticada em um artigo publicado pela revista PlOS ONE. A partir de dados da própria empresa foi constatado que a gestão dos recursos hídricos pela Sabesp é uma das principais responsáveis pela crise. O cenário de crise ameaça gerar sérios problemas principalmente à Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), que tem cerca de 20 milhões de pessoas, Em virtude de seu imenso tamanho e valor industrial, a RMSP enfrenta diversos desafios quando se trata de gerir seus recursos hídricos. A área metropolitana importa cerca de metade de seu abastecimento de água da Bacia do Rio Piracicaba na área metropolitana de Campinas em direção ao norte.O nível das represas sofreu forte queda e baixa principalmente por causa da estiagem registrada no estado de São Paulo e nas cabeceiras das represas. Urge que o governo do Estado e municipal realizem as ações preventivas e de recuperação da potabilidade do sistema hídrico local, com recuperação das nascentes, córregos, rios e represas.
484Cities 202131184Prefeitura de São PauloBrazilLatin America2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.6Mass movement > LandslideYesMedium HighMedium HighIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacementCommercial; Emergency services; Land use planning; Public health; ResidentialElderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Unemployed persons; Women & girlsIncreasingIncreasingMediumImmediatelyAs moradias precárias situadas nas encostas íngremes que são na verdade áreas de preservação permanente, (APPs), representam um alto risco para deslizamentos e mortes de seus moradores, de acordo com os índices pluviométricos. É necessário prover programas de moradia popular para a população mais vulnerável, evitando a ocupação das APPs.
485Cities 202131185Miasto Stołeczne WarszawaPolandEurope2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.1Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot daysYesMediumMediumIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEnergyChildren & youth; Elderly; Indigenous populationIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediately
486Cities 202131185Miasto Stołeczne WarszawaPolandEurope2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.2Extreme Precipitation > Rain stormYesMediumHighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public servicesEmergency services; Food & agriculture; Water supply & sanitationElderly; Low-income households; Persons with disabilitiesIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediately
487Cities 202131185Miasto Stołeczne WarszawaPolandEurope2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.3Water Scarcity > DroughtYesMediumMediumFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public servicesFood & agriculture; Public health; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilitiesIncreasingIncreasingMediumShort-term (by 2025)
488Cities 202131185Miasto Stołeczne WarszawaPolandEurope2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.4Flood and sea level rise > River floodYesHighHighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illnessEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilitiesIncreasingIncreasingHighMedium-term (2026-2050)
489Cities 202131186Changwon CityRepublic of KoreaEast Asia2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.1Storm and wind > Cyclone (Hurricane / Typhoon)YesHighHighIncreased risk to already vulnerable populationsResidentialLow-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingShort-term (by 2025)The severity of rain storm gets increasing so we are experiencing more floods and inundation of water every summer.
490Cities 202131186Changwon CityRepublic of KoreaEast Asia2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.2Storm and wind > Severe windYesHighHighResidentialLow-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingDuring the year 2000 to 2013, Changwon experienced typhoon 15 times. More than 11,000 buildings were damaged and 106 ha of green houses were destroyed due to the inundation of agricultural area. Future impact of severe wind to Changwon has not been anticipated in the “Changwon Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment.”
491Cities 202131186Changwon CityRepublic of KoreaEast Asia2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.3Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveYesHighHighPublic health; ResidentialElderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingImmediatelyLike cold wave, the number of days with heat wave is increasing.
492Cities 202131187Seoul Metropolitan GovernmentRepublic of KoreaEast Asia2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.1Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveYesHighMedium HighIncreased risk to already vulnerable populationsPublic healthElderly; Marginalized groupsIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediatelyNumber of extremely hot days are rising. If Seoul continues to emit GHG at the current pace, the average annual temperature is expected to rise by more than 4℃ in late 21st century.
493Cities 202131446Taipei City GovernmentTaiwan, Greater ChinaEast Asia2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.1Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveNoMediumMedium HighIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsCommercial; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; ResidentialElderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediately1. Different countries have different definitions of heat waves. Based on temperature data of the Central Weather Bureau in Taiwan, Taipei City will initiate relevant contingency measures when the maximum temperature reaches 38℃ the next day, or reaches 36℃ for three consecutive days. Given the basin area, dense urban population and industrial activities of Taipei City, heat dissipation is difficult, which worsens the urban heat island effects. The high temperature will affect the health of citizens, public health, infrastructure, and food. For example, it may cause heat injuries (commonly heat cramps, exhaustion, and stroke) to workers and citizens, while mosquitoes such as Aedes Aegypti may shift to the North, spreading dengue fever and increasing medical burden, damage of road pavement caused by high temperature and affect driving safety, electricity consumption, supply and demand of the power system, which threaten to affect the operation of the life-supporting system, causing crop failure or accelerate food spoilage, and is unfavorable for food preservation.2. According to monitoring data of the Central Weather Bureau in Taiwan, the average annual temperature in the Taipei station is 23.6℃, which has risen by 1.4-2.5℃ over the past 100 years, which is twice the global average increase during the same period. In addition, looking at the average temperature records of the aforementioned measuring stations in May, the temperature rise was 0.016°C per year in the past 122 years, 0.037°C per year in the past 50 years, and increased to 0.233°C per year in the past decade, indicating that temperature increase has accelerated over the years. According to the estimation of future temperature changes by National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction (NCDR), the frequency and intensity of the number of days with extreme heat will continue to rise in Taipei City under different climate conditions, which will impact Taipei City's infrastructure and the health of citizens.
494Cities 202131446Taipei City GovernmentTaiwan, Greater ChinaEast Asia2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.2Storm and wind > Cyclone (Hurricane / Typhoon)YesMedium HighHighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEmergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Tourism; Transport; Water supply & sanitationPersons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediately1.Taiwan is located on the main path of East Asian monsoon and Northwest Pacific typhoon, with the statistical average of 3.9 typhoons invading Taiwan every year, of which strong storms and rain often lead to natural disasters. Given the basin area in Taipei City, water is unable to discharge smoothly during heavy rains, leading to disasters such as floods, downpour and even debris flows. For example, in 2001, the center of Typhoon Nari hovered over the island for a prolonged period (around 49 hours and 20 minutes). The heavy rainfall coincided with high tide, and caused rivers to overflow and flooding in most areas, which severely damaged the MRT system. In 2015, the short-duration intense rainfall brought by Typhoon Soudelor caused many landslides and debris flows in the mountains of North Taiwan. For disasters caused by strong winds in Taipei City, Typhoon Soulik damaged 3,609 trees in 2013, and Typhoon Sudila damaged 20,294 trees in 2015.2. According to the National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction (NCDR) and international research estimates, the number of invading typhoons will decrease in the future, but the frequency of strong typhoons and average typhoon rainfall intensity will increase. The intensity ratio of strong typhoons was 2.12% at the base period (1986-2005), but may rise to 5.59% at the end of the 21st century. This may cause serious floods and wind disasters, affecting Taipei City's infrastructure and residential safety.
495Cities 202131446Taipei City GovernmentTaiwan, Greater ChinaEast Asia2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.3Extreme Precipitation > Rain stormYesMedium HighMediumFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public servicesEmergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Tourism; Transport; Water supply & sanitationPersons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediately1. According to the definition of the Central Weather Bureau in Taiwan, heavy rain refers to the rainfall phenomenon in which the precipitation accumulation in the past 24 hours is 80 mm or more, or rainfall of 40 mm per hour or more. Taipei Basin is surrounded by mountains, and the low-lying terrain causes water to be unable to discharge smoothly during heavy rainfall, leading to floods, landslides or debris flows. For example, due to heat convection in the afternoon on June 14, 2015, the rainfall at Gongguan Rain-gauge Station reached 131.5 mm. On July 22, 2019, the development of convective cloud system led to rainfall of up to 164.5 mm per hour in Daan Forest Park, which led to floods in some areas while some roads turned into rivers.2. According to the National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction (NCDR), both the number of rainy days and days of heavy rains will increase at the end of the 21st century. In addition, according to the relevant research by Taipei City, the probability of flooding in the 12 districts of Taipei City is around 4-10%, while some areas are estimated to rise above 10-20% based on the scenario of high greenhouse gas emissions (RCP8.5). The higher frequency and intensity of heavy rains may significantly increase the risk of flooding, and lead to severe and compound disasters including floods and debris flows.
496Cities 202131446Taipei City GovernmentTaiwan, Greater ChinaEast Asia2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.4Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot daysNoMediumMediumIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsCommercial; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; ResidentialElderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediately1. The temperature in Taipei City may likely soar given the rapid economic development, dense population, dense-graded pavement and dense buildings, and its basin formation. Since 2018, the Central Weather Bureau issued forecasts and warnings to define extremely high temperature, and compared with the 20th century, the average number of days of extreme high temperature in Taipei City has increased by about 20 days per year. According to the monitoring data of the Taipei Weather Station in 2020, there were 66 days when the temperature is more than 36℃, of which there were 13 days when the temperature is over 38℃. What’s more, the weather station recorded temperature as high as 39.7℃ on July 24, hitting a record high over the past 124 years. The extreme hot days mainly cause more electricity consumption, and affect health and hygiene. For example, rising AC demands may increase the electricity consumption of citizens and waste heat from air conditioners, which may worsen the heat island effect, and the greater number of extreme hot days may bring about higher risk of outdoor heat injury, and worsening heat injury symptoms of vulnerable populations such as the children and the elderly.2. According to the scenario of high greenhouse gas emissions (RCP8.5) announced by the National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction (NCDR), the temperature in Taipei was more than 36°C for about 20 days per year in the early 21st century, 50 days per year in the middle of the 21st century, and may reach up to 100 days per year by the end of the 21st century. In the future, the number of days of extreme high temperature may occur more frequently and seriously affect the power supply facilities and health of citizens in Taipei City.
497Cities 202131446Taipei City GovernmentTaiwan, Greater ChinaEast Asia2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.5Water Scarcity > DroughtNoMedium HighMedium HighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsEnvironment, biodiversity, forestry; Industrial; Water supply & sanitationIndigenous population; Persons living in sub-standard housingIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediately1. Drought refers to “prolonged period when precipitation is less than normal, which caused deficiency in water dam supply, which cannot meet the water resource demand in the social-economic system.” 70% of Taiwan’s water comes from typhoons and rainy seasons, with average annual rainfall of 2,000 mm, and water storage is difficult due to steep mountains and short river streams. In 2020, the plum rain season in Taiwan was short, with no invasion of typhoons, and very little rainfall during the wet season. This led to the most severe drought over the past 56 years, and many counties and cities in Taiwan faced water restrictions.2. According to the National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction (NCDR), the risk of drought and public water supply in the dry season (from November to April) shows rising trend under the impact of climate change. Based on the scenario of high greenhouse gas emissions (RCP8.5), the regional drought hazard level of Taipei area is at 1 or 2 in the base period (1979-2003), and is expected to rise to level 5 by the end of the 21st century. In addition, the standardized precipitation index - three-month accumulation period (SPI3) was used to assess drought intensity, indicating that the peak drought and maximum time lag both occurred in Northern Taiwan. The drought problem will become more serious in the future, which will directly or indirectly affect the citizen’s consumption, economic development and ecological environment.
498Cities 202132480City of AdelaideAustraliaSoutheast Asia and Oceania2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.1Extreme hot temperature > Heat waveYesHighMedium HighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsCommercial; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Tourism; TransportChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Other, please specify: Outdoor workers; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilitiesIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediatelyThere were multiple heatwaves in 2019 and 2020, each with five or more days over 35°C. The increase in the incidence of heatwaves and extreme heat is expected to adversely impact the health, safety and well-being of vulnerable members of the community. These include members of the community who are already vulnerable due to poor mental or physical health, the elderly, those who are isolated by a lack of mobility or transport options and/or are highly dependent on particular facilities or support. Increased heatwaves and extreme heat will also influence Adelaide’s amenity and attraction as a place to live, do business and visit.On the 24th January 2019, the Adelaide CBD recorded an all-time capital city high of 46.6°C, and a new record was set for highest minimum temperature. As of April 2020, Adelaide had experienced 10 days over 40 degrees over the summer period, which is already greater than the projections of days over 40 degrees for 2030. Visitation and corresponding commercial and retail activity to outdoor activity centres is likely to reduce during extreme climate events such as heatwaves, thereby impacting on local businesses and the economy. Conversely visitation to indoor environments may increase, as people seek out or retreat to protected areas to socialise and shop. Participation in events, celebrations and activities will also be impacted. Continuity of services may be affected due to disruptions to electricity services."The number of days above 40ºC in central Adelaide is projected to increase from an average of two to three days per year historically, to around six days per year by 2030" (CSIRO-BoM 2015). https://data.environment.sa.gov.au/Content/Publications/Climate-Change-Science-and-Knowledge-Plan.pdf
499Cities 202132480City of AdelaideAustraliaSoutheast Asia and Oceania2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.2Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot daysYesHighMedium HighIncreased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populationsCommercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Public health; Tourism; Transport; Water supply & sanitationChildren & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Other, please specify: Outdoor workers; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseasesIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediately"Average temperatures in South Australia are now nearly 1ºC warmer than in 1960. The state’s daily maximum temperature is projected to rise by as much as 2.1ºC by 2050." https://data.environment.sa.gov.au/Content/Publications/Climate-Change-Science-and-Knowledge-Plan.pdfThe impact of this is financial pressure on vulnerable community due to higher need to cool homes. The increase in heat combined with a decrease in over all rain results in a drying which also requires community to water more or leave gardens to dry out. Similar pressures effect our business community. The result for the CoA is a need to influence urban design, developments approved and retrofitted and increase greening and water availability for this.
500Cities 202132480City of AdelaideAustraliaSoutheast Asia and Oceania2. Climate Hazards and VulnerabilityClimate Hazards2.1Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact.3Water Scarcity > DroughtYesHighMedium HighFluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of traditional jobs; Migration from rural areas to cities; Population displacementCommercial; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Land use planning; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Water supply & sanitationLow-income householdsIncreasingIncreasingHighImmediatelyClimate change will impact the condition of natural landscapes and green spaces (such as parks) due to warmer and drier conditions and climate extremes such as heatwave. Remnant native vegetation may experience declining condition as a result of drying, plant loss, decreased germination, introduction of disease and may also be damaged by bushfire. Existing biodiversity threats, including pest plants and animals, may become greater as pest plants and animals are often opportunistic and have a greater ability to respond to disturbance than native species. The effect will vary for open and green spaces across the Region depending on their access to irrigation. On private land individuals may choose to design a garden more suited to dry conditions or simply not water a garden which will in turn increase the heat experienced.Average annual rainfall is projected to decrease by 7% by 2050. The greatest decline is projected for Spring rainfall. https://www.resilienteast.com/impacts

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created Dec 23 2021

updated Dec 23 2021

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The dataset contains 2021 data on cities' climate hazards, reported by cities through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System in response to question 2.1 (" Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity.") in the 2021 Cities questionnaire. View cities questionnaire guidance at https://www.cdp.net/en/guidance/guidance-for-cities. Please contact cities@cdp.net if you have any questions.
This data is collected through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System. When using this data, please cite both organisations using the following wording: ‘This data was collected in partnership by CDP and ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability’.
For further guidance on how to reference this data for use in external publications, please refer to the Open Data Portal Terms of Use available on the homepage.

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Climate Hazards
Permissions
Public
Tags
climate hazards, risks, 2021, cities
Row Label
SODA2 Only
Yes
Licensing and Attribution
Data Provided By
(none)
Source Link
(none)
License Type
License Type
CDP Open Database License

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