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2021 Cities Climate Hazards
| Row number | Questionnaire Name | Account Number | Account Name | Country | CDP Region | ParentSection | Section | Question Number | Question Name | RowNumber | RowName | Climate Hazards | Did this hazard significantly impact your city before 2021? | Current probability of hazard | Current magnitude of hazard | Social impact of hazard overall | Most relevant assets / services affected overall | Please identify which vulnerable populations are affected | Future change in frequency | Future change in intensity | Future expected magnitude of hazard | When do you first expect to experience those changes in frequency and intensity? | Please describe the impacts experienced so far, and how you expect the hazard to impact in the future |
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| 501 | Cities 2021 | 32480 | City of Adelaide | Australia | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium | Low | Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Residential | Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Stormwater management infrastructure will be impacted by climate change due to increasing rainfall intensity which will place it under increasing pressure, particularly where infrastructure is ageing or designed to standards inconsistent with projected climate change. The intensity of heavy rainfall events is projected to increase by at least 10% by 2050. https://www.resilienteast.com/impacts | |
| 502 | Cities 2021 | 32550 | City of Denver, CO | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy; Public health; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: People of Color; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Temperatures in Colorado have increased roughly 2 degrees Fahrenheit over 30 years, with the Front Range observing slightly higher trends. During the 20th century Denver rarely saw days above 100 degrees Fahrenheit - recording only 36 days. From 2000 - today, Denver has recorded 44 days above 100 degrees Fahrenheit. The projected increase in temperature, along with increased heating due to the urban heat island effect, will have several impacts to Denver including: increased energy consumption, infrastructure impacts, human health issues, and a change in water quality in the rivers and streams that run through the city. | |
| 503 | Cities 2021 | 32550 | City of Denver, CO | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Food & agriculture; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups | Increasing | Do not know | Medium | Immediately | Peak runoff has shifted earlier by 1– 4 weeks over the last 30 years in Colorado Changes in snowpack impact the availability of upstream water for irrigation, recreation and consumption. Denver is within the South Platte River Basin - the most populous basin in the state. Projections estimate that the population in the basin may nearly double from about 3.5 million people to 6 million people by 2050. Approximately 85 percent of Colorado’s population resides in the South Platte Basin, and the Front Range area of the basin is Colorado’s economic and social engine. The South Platte River Basin also has the greatest concentration of irrigated agricultural lands in Colorado. Demands for water and limited new supplies will have an impact on water availability in the coming years. | |
| 504 | Cities 2021 | 32550 | City of Denver, CO | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Extreme Precipitation > Hail | Yes | Medium High | High | Increased demand for public services; Loss of tax base to support public services; Loss of traditional jobs | Commercial; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Denver expects an increase in extreme weather events resulting in more frequent and severe localized storm events that bring strong winds and hail, which can cause serious damage on properties and energy infrastructure. In 2017, the Denver metro area was hit by the costliest hailstorm in state history with over 2.3 Billion USD in damage. These storms also lead to increased stress on stormwater management and flood control. While wildfire costs and destruction garner headlines, damage from hailstorms are more costly and have greater potential for property damage. | |
| 505 | Cities 2021 | 32550 | City of Denver, CO | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | No | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Public health | Elderly; Marginalized groups; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Do not know | Do not know | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Denver participates in the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environments (CDPHE) state-wide coordinated Sentinel Zone Surveillance Program (CDPHE 2014). The Sentinel Program is a U.S. Center for Disease Control (CDC) effort to incorporate surveillance at local levels to better understand, predict, and manage the occurrence of West Nile Virus (WNV) and its’ disease vector species. The Sentinel Program entails the systematic collection of mosquitoes as samples and screening them for WNV. This approach provides both qualitative and quantitative information on WNV activity and potential human risk in an area. | |
| 506 | Cities 2021 | 35268 | City of Boston, MA | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Flood and sea level rise > Coastal flood | Yes | Medium High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Loss of lives, building and infrastructure damage, productivity losses due to business interruption, mental stress and anxiety, relocation | Commercial; Emergency services; Energy; Industrial; Information & communications technology; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Communities of color, non-English speakers; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Due to changes in ocean current and other dynamic factors, sea-level rise in Boston (and in the Northeast U.S. generally) is likely to be higher than the global average. A two-foot rise in sea level will turn the current 100-year flood into a 3-year flood. A six-foot rise in sea level will cause regular inundation of several areas of Boston. | |
| 507 | Cities 2021 | 35268 | City of Boston, MA | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Storm and wind > Storm surge | Yes | Medium | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Loss of lives, building and infrastructure damage, productivity losses due to business interruption, mental stress and anxiety, relocation | Commercial; Emergency services; Energy; Industrial; Information & communications technology; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Communities of color, non-English speaker; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Increased sea level rise will further exacerbate the impacts of storm surge on Boston's coastline, where significant commercial, residential, and transportation assets are located. | |
| 508 | Cities 2021 | 35268 | City of Boston, MA | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | Medium High | Medium | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Education; Industrial; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Communities of color, non-English speakers; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | See river flood. | |
| 509 | Cities 2021 | 35268 | City of Boston, MA | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | Medium | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Damage to transportation infrastructure causing reduced mobility | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Law & order; Public health; Residential; Tourism; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Other, please specify: Outdoor workers, people with pre-existing health conditions; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | The Union of Concerned Scientists estimate that the number of days over 90 degrees F will rise from the 1961-1990 average of 10 per year to 25-39 days per year by the 2040-2060 time period. The number of days over 100 degrees will also start to rise from the 1961-1990 average of 1. Coupled with higher humidity and amplified by the urban heat island effect, this will produce more frequent and more intense heat waves and threaten the health of vulnerable populations and strain energy and transportation infrastructure. | |
| 510 | Cities 2021 | 35268 | City of Boston, MA | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Extreme Precipitation > Heavy snow | Yes | Medium | Medium | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Industrial; Public health; Residential; Tourism; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Short-term (by 2025) | Intense snow storms experienced in the past 5 years resulting in loss of lives, reduced productivity, road and school closures. | |
| 511 | Cities 2021 | 35268 | City of Boston, MA | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Extreme cold temperature > Extreme winter conditions | Yes | Medium High | Medium | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Industrial; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Public health and public safety concerns during extreme winter conditions. Low temperatures cause infrastructure damage. | |
| 512 | Cities 2021 | 35268 | City of Boston, MA | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | No | Medium Low | Does not currently impact the city | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Flooding in the Mystic Basin could result in exposure to toxic waste from storage tanks in Chelsea, or flood the regional food distribution center. | Commercial; Emergency services; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Residential; Tourism; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Dams on the Charles, Mystic and Neponset Rivers could be overtopped in case of riverine floods, causing extensive damage in surrounding neighborhoods. Historic flooding on the Charles led to infrastructure improvements along the Charles River Esplanade, leading to a mitigation of the risk. | |
| 513 | Cities 2021 | 35268 | City of Boston, MA | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 8 | Chemical change > Salt water intrusion | Yes | Medium | Medium | Other, please specify: Discontinued electrical, water and sewer services due to damage to subsurface infrastructure | Commercial; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Information & communications technology; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Low | Medium-term (2026-2050) | No major impacts so far. In the future, we expect saltwater intrusion to damage subsurface infrastructure and affect our groundwater salinity and level. | |
| 514 | Cities 2021 | 35274 | City of Portland, ME | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Chemical change > Atmospheric CO2 concentrations | Yes | High | High | Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Transport | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Higher levels of CO2 in the atmosphere can increase the impact of other hazards - stronger storms, increase ocean acidification, increased number of heavy rain storms. Higher levels of carbon dioxide, higher temperatures, and more precipitation change the quantity, spatial distribution, and seasonal timing of aeroallergens, as well as the intensity of humans’ allergic reactions to these substances. Higher levels of carbon dioxide decrease the carbonate ion concentration in the water, making it difficult for marine life to grow healthy shells. As a result, these species have slower growth, thinner shells, and their mortality rates rise. Broadly defined, ocean acidification is caused by the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels (cars, buses, homes, industries) and when the carbon dioxide mixes with water, it becomes more acidic. All ocean acidification vulnerabilities will be exacerbated by increases in atmospheric CO2. The Gulf of Maine, in particular, may have a higher susceptibility to ocean acidification because of its relatively low pH and colder waters, which more readily absorb carbon dioxide. Increases in CO2 also mean more high heat days that will stress populations that lack air conditioning. | |
| 515 | Cities 2021 | 35274 | City of Portland, ME | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Flood and sea level rise > Coastal flood | Yes | High | Medium Low | Increased resource demand; Loss of tax base to support public services | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry | Low-income households; Marginalized groups | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Higher levels of flooding have already been experience in Portland, especially on roads like Marginal Way. These floods have already led to traffic disruption and infrastructure damage. Damage to public and private infrastructure includes buildings and roads. As flooding continues, there is also the potential for loss of important privately owned marine infrastructure and impacts to commercial activity and marine tourism.High-risk properties are also more likely to be put on the market with each passing year, and the study notes the trend in which the purchase price continues to decline as fewer people want to buy high-risk properties. While wealthier homeowners, businesses, or neighborhoods may have more cumulative value to lose, those with more limited financial means risk losing a much larger portion of their wealth. Lower income homeowners become forced to weigh the tradeoff between costly flood-proofing investments and defaulting on loans. Financial burden will also be worsened for high-risk-home owners due to higher insurance costs and/or costly retrofits. Flooding can also also limit our ability to access resources that ensure health and wellbeing on a day-to-day basis—whether that’s healthy food, childcare, routine health services, a sustainable income, or a sense of community and support. Lastly, the ability of the cities to access additional capital, specifically through bond markets, will depend on municipal credit ratings—a factor that is affected by both the cities’ financial health and exposure to risk. If the financial health of the cities were to decrease as exposure to chronic flooding increases, the cities may face more limited options for financing resilience investments,a vicious circle that could leave the cities increasingly vulnerable to flood risk. | |
| 516 | Cities 2021 | 35274 | City of Portland, ME | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Storm and wind > Cyclone (Hurricane / Typhoon) | Yes | Medium | High | Increased demand for public services; Loss of tax base to support public services | Commercial; Emergency services; Residential | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Storms and storm surges present the potential for extreme damage to public and private infrastructure and property, threat to life, and potential for serious injuries. Based on a 2012 buildout of the Back Cove area, a Portland neighborhood, the study suggested that Portland could see $447 million to $3.68 billion in damage to Back Cove real estate from a 100-year storm with 1.6 feet of sea level rise and 5.9 feet of sea level rise above MHHW, respectively. Damage to buildings from floods, as well as high winds in heavy storms, are expected to increase household financial burden due to climate change. Residents have expressed concern that extreme weather and flooding are already beginning to drive up the costs for buildings to operate effectively. Some food processing facilities are also at risk to storm damage, such as Portland's H.P. Hood facility, which could pose a slight risk to the supply chain. Five of eleven supermarkets in Portland and South Portland show vulnerability to sea level rise and storm surge. | |
| 517 | Cities 2021 | 35274 | City of Portland, ME | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Extreme cold temperature > Extreme winter conditions | Yes | High | Medium Low | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Emergency services; Transport | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Decreasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Extreme cold temperatures lead to higher costs to municipal government for plowing and snow removal and short term impacts on commerce with the reduct in consumerism and potential closures.As we transition to electric systems run on renewables, we will also face issues related to grid system reliability with extreme temperatures. The electrical power system in New England is undergoing significant change, addressing how to continue to meet peak electricity demand in cold winters, while following a trajectory towards decarbonization. Renewable energy sources, as well as natural gas-based generation, rely on “just-in-time” delivery of energy, which—without energy storage or fuel reserves—creates challenges for reliability. Recent studies by GridSolar suggest that as the cities move towards further electrification to reduce fossil fuel use, electricity load profiles in the Greater Portland area will experience significantly higher relative peak loads. Vulnerable populations are also more at risk to the cold since many live in older homes that lack the capacity to maintain habitable indoor temperatures in cold weather or high heat during an extended power outage. Residents with limited disposable income are ableto spend fewer dollars on mitigating the impacts of climate hazards. For example, in needing to reduce extra expenses, people tend to avoid purchasing or running air conditioners, fans, or heat, making periods of extreme heat or cold more dangerous for financially-burdened households. | |
| 518 | Cities 2021 | 35274 | City of Portland, ME | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of tax base to support public services | Commercial; Emergency services; Transport | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Higher levels of flooding have already been experience in Portland, especially on roads like Marginal Way. These floods have already led to traffic disruption and infrastructure damage. Damage to public and private infrastructure includes buildings and roads. As flooding continues, there is also the potential for loss of important privately owned marine infrastructure and impacts to commercial activity and marine tourism.High-risk properties are also more likely to be put on the market with each passing year, and the study notes the trend in which the purchase price continues to decline as fewer people want to buy high-risk properties. While wealthier homeowners, businesses, or neighborhoods may have more cumulative value to lose, those with more limited financial means risk losing a much larger portion of their wealth. Lower income homeowners become forced to weigh the tradeoff between costly flood-proofing investments and defaulting on loans. Financial burden will also be worsened for high-risk-home owners due to higher insurance costs and/or costly retrofits. Flooding can also also limit our ability to access resources that ensure health and wellbeing on a day-to-day basis—whether that’s healthy food, childcare, routine health services, a sustainable income, or a sense of community and support. Lastly, the ability of the cities to access additional capital, specifically through bond markets, will depend on municipal credit ratings—a factor that is affected by both the cities’ financial health and exposure to risk. If the financial health of the cities were to decrease as exposure to chronic flooding increases, the cities may face more limited options for financing resilience investments,a vicious circle that could leave the cities increasingly vulnerable to flood risk.Flash floods, especially, affect transportation routes and can stall supply chains, block people from accessing healthcare and social services, and can block public transit from being available. | |
| 519 | Cities 2021 | 35274 | City of Portland, ME | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Chemical change > Ocean acidification | No | High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Loss of traditional jobs | Commercial; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Tourism | Other, please specify: Individuals employed as seafood harvesters or processors, many are low income, POC, or immigrants. | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Ocean acidification negatively impacts fisheries and ocean based industries, which are key components of the local Portland economy. Already the Friends of Casco Bay have documented a rise in the acidity of Casco Bay over the past 15 years.Coastal acidification is driven by freshwater runoff from streams, rivers, and stormwater that have high levels of nutrients, such as nitrogen from pet waste, fertilizer, and wastewater, entering coastal waters. The excess nitrogen results in algal blooms and when they die, the process of bacterial decomposition consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, creating unnatural acidic conditions for coastal habitats and wildlife. Coastal and ocean acidification can result in the inability of species that live in Casco Bay to survive and flourish due to two simultaneous factors: an increase in acidity and a decrease in carbonate availability. Marine species with hard protective shells, including clams, lobsters, mussels, shrimp, oysters, scallops, sea urchins, and cold water coral, combine calcium and carbonate found in seawater in order to build calcium carbonate shells. Higher levels of carbon dioxide decrease the carbonate ion concentration in the water, making it difficult for marine life to grow healthy shells. As a result, these species have slower growth, thinner shells, and their mortality rates rise. In Maine, 87 percent of the landings value of harvested or grown species comes from organisms that make calcium carbonate shells, suggesting that acidification may have significant ramifications for the health of Maine fisheries. Recent data from the Friends of Casco Bay indicating that levels of calcium carbonate, or shell building material, in Casco Bay are already not sufficient enough for organisms to build and maintain their shells. Under severe conditions, high acidity can dissolve calcium carbonate shells at a faster rate than they can be formed.Additionally, more acidic marine environments compromise the health and life stages of many marine organisms. Many types of fish and invertebrate larvae are unable to develop properly or lose capacity to avoid predators under more acidic conditions. Stunted growth or survival at the larval stage will eventually constrict the growth of adult populations. | |
| 520 | Cities 2021 | 35274 | City of Portland, ME | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Storm and wind > Storm surge | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Transport | Low-income households; Marginalized groups | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Surrounded by water, Portland has already experienced substantial flooding on essential roads during severe storm events in recent years.Sea level rise and storm surge are expected to increasingly inundate roads in Portland, and most critically portions of I-295, a key corridor for travel in and out of the city. Storm surge inundation models suggest that I-295 directly south of exit 8 will likely be the first bottleneck area due to flooding with a category 1 hurricane. A category 2 hurricane could impact the same location on I-295, as well as cut off connections between the Portland and South Portland by affecting the I-295 bridge, Casco Bay Bridge, Veteran’s Memorial Bridge, and the Congress Street (ME-22) bridge, all crossing the Fore River. Sea level rise could likely lead to regular flooding of I-295 exits 6A and 7 as early as 2050. Marine terminals, along with railroad corridors along Commercial Street and Turner Island will likely experience regular flooding by 3.9 feet of sea level rise.The sewer and stormwater systems in Portland shows vulnerability to storms and sea level rise in areas along the waterfronts, including Back Cove and the Fore River. The Peaks Island wastewater treatment facility in Portland may see storm damage from a category 3 hurricane or higher. Social service needs will likely spike during severe storms—a time in which social service locations may also be impacted. The Bayside area in Portland, which shows some of the highest vulnerability to storm surge flooding between now and 2050, may be most at risk for this scenario. The neighborhood has a higher proportion of residents with higher “social vulnerability," as well as a significant proportion of the social network resources that residents in the area rely on. Losing access to such resources can amplify hardship and prolong recovery from severe storms. The Portland Housing Authority building is vulnerable to a category 2 hurricane or higher.Road closures due to flooding from severe storms could likely restrict food delivery. Storm surge models suggest that five of eleven large grocery stores across both cities may see significant inundation in a category 2 hurricane. Portland residents that rely on public transportation and/or food assistance will likely face greater food insecurity driven by closures in public transportation, social services, or rising food prices. | |
| 521 | Cities 2021 | 35274 | City of Portland, ME | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 8 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | Do not know | Medium High | Medium Low | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Public health; Tourism | Children & youth; Indigenous population | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Short-term (by 2025) | Vector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens that are transmitted from “vectors” such as ticks and mosquitoes. There are fourteen vector-borne diseases that are concerns in the United States, and nine of those diseases (two mosquito-borne and seven tick-borne) have been identified in Maine. Lyme disease, which is spread by black-legged ticks or deer ticks, is the primary and most common vector-borne disease in Maine as of 2019. Symptoms for Lyme disease in humans usually include a fever, headache, fatigue, and a skin rash called erythema migrans. If left untreated, the infection can spread, resulting in chronic joint pain and neurological dysfunction.Changes in the climate, including warmer winters, higher humidity, and more precipitation, impact the breeding and survival rates of ticks and mosquitoes, as well as the reproductive rate of the pathogens. Rates of Lyme disease have increased significantly in the past couple decades from less than 100 reported cases in 2000 to 1,373 reported cases in 2018 (280 of which were in Cumberland County). In 2018, Cumberland County also had 71 reported cases of anaplasmosis, 20 cases of babesiosis, 7 cases of ehrlichiosis, and 1 case of Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis. Rates of anaplasmosis and babesiosis, in particular, have increased significantly in Maine in the past ten years | |
| 522 | Cities 2021 | 35393 | City of St Louis, MO | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme cold temperature > Cold wave | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Public health | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Unemployed persons | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | St. Louis is not an area of particular concern for extended periods of extreme cold temperatures, but rather more volatile weather, such as coldwaves and extreme weather events. High levels of mortality due to cold weather is often more severe in temperate regions than in colder regions because the former do not have the built environment to adapt to extreme cold. Cold waves are very dangerous for the vulnerable members of St. Louis' population, including the elderly and children. The aging population has an increased vulnerability to severe cold weather events. Increased mortality, as well as, rates of respiratory and cardiovascular disease associated with cold spells is stronger in those aged 65 and older. Older citizens also account for almost half of hypothermia-induced deaths in St. Louis. About 10-15 deaths per year have occurred due to hypothermia in St. Louis, though temperature related outcomes are difficult to measure, due to the many other risk factors for disease and thus may be understated. Individuals with pre-existing health conditions, including metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, are more susceptible to physical changes in the body due to cold weather. Those with chronic respiratory diseases are at increased risk of death during extreme weather conditions. In St. Louis City, 45.1 deaths out of 100,000 persons were attributed to chronic respiratory diseases, more than the United States average of 40.1 deaths out of 100,000 persons, for the years 2011-2015.97 These subgroups also tend to have increased difficulty accessing health care and public health infrastructure during extreme weather events. North St. Louis and other areas of the City have high percentages of low income populations that may live in sub-standard housing, not have the financial ability to afford consistent heating, regular housing, medical treatment, or warm clothing during cold months, which will make them more susceptible to hypothermia, respiratory disease, and cardiac events. Business and school closures during extreme cold or snow/ice also have negative economic impacts on individuals that depend on those jobs for income. | |
| 523 | Cities 2021 | 35393 | City of St Louis, MO | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Food & agriculture; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | The St. Louis area rarely experienced drought in the past, however, has experienced drought approximately three times in the past twenty years, in 2005, 2012 and 2018. Drought in St. Louis is projected to happen more frequently in the future as the climate changes and extreme weather becomes more severe. Those who will be the most vulnerable to increased frequency and severity of drought are African Americans living below the poverty line. Poor housing quality and infrastructure plus financial instability place impoverished people of color in a more dangerous situation when hazards like drought occur. The impacts of drought on human health are broad, ranging from immediate compromised water quality to long-term diminished living conditions related to energy, air quality, and hygiene. Although many of the effects of drought are indirect, various social, environmental, and healthfactors are severely complicated during periods of drought. Considerations should be made for malnutrition, and water-related diseases in the region. | |
| 524 | Cities 2021 | 35393 | City of St Louis, MO | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | The effects of extreme heat are predicted to grow. On average, St. Louis experiences four more heat waves each summer than it has in the past. Since 1970, the number of extreme heat days in St. Louis has increased by 6.4 days. By 2030, St. Louis is expected to experience 46 danger days, and 63 danger days by 2050. Higher urban temperatures are associated with higher levels of air pollution and greenhouse gases, like ground-level ozone, which exacerbate asthma and other respiratory diseases. Asthma is the number one reason for hospitalization of St. Louis children at St. Louis Children’sHospital. In 2015, the rate of asthma-related emergency room visits among African American children was 8.5 times greater than that of White children. | |
| 525 | Cities 2021 | 35393 | City of St Louis, MO | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Extreme cold temperature > Extreme winter conditions | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Public health | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | St. Louis is not an area of particular concern for extended periods of extreme cold temperatures, but rather more volatile weather, such as coldwaves and extreme weather events. High levels of mortality due to cold weather is often more severe in temperate regions than in colder regions because the former do not have the built environment to adapt to extreme cold. Cold waves are very dangerous for the vulnerable members of St. Louis' population, including the elderly and children. The aging population has an increased vulnerability to severe cold weather events. Increased mortality, as well as, rates of respiratory and cardiovascular disease associated with cold spells is stronger in those aged 65 and older. Older citizens also account for almost half of hypothermia-induced deaths in St. Louis. About 10-15 deaths per year have occurred due to hypothermia in St. Louis, though temperature related outcomes are difficult to measure, due to the many other risk factors for disease and thus may be understated. Individuals with pre-existing health conditions, including metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, are more susceptible to physical changes in the body due to cold weather. Those with chronic respiratory diseases are at increased risk of death during extreme weather conditions. In St. Louis City, 45.1 deaths out of 100,000 persons were attributed to chronic respiratory diseases, more than the United States average of 40.1 deaths out of 100,000 persons, for the years 2011-2015.97 These subgroups also tend to have increased difficulty accessing health care and public health infrastructure during extreme weather events. North St. Louis and other areas of the City have high percentages of low income populations that may live in sub-standard housing, not have the financial ability to afford consistent heating, regular housing, medical treatment, or warm clothing during cold months, which will make them more susceptible to hypothermia, respiratory disease, and cardiac events. Business and school closures during extreme cold or snow/ice also have negative economic impacts on individuals that depend on those jobs for income. | |
| 526 | Cities 2021 | 35393 | City of St Louis, MO | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Food & agriculture; Land use planning; Public health; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | According to Climate Central, Missouri is among the top ten states with the biggest increases in heavy downpours, with an increase of 36 percent compared to 1950-1959. More than an inch can rain in a short amount of time quickly overwhelms the 100+ year old combined sewer systems that exist throughout much of the City, when in turn leads to water back up into streets and in basements of homes. | |
| 527 | Cities 2021 | 35393 | City of St Louis, MO | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Energy; Food & agriculture; Land use planning; Public health; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Immediately | According to Climate Central, Missouri is among the top ten states with the biggest increases in heavy downpours, with an increase of 36 percent compared to 1950-1959. Extreme storm water flooding issues in the City caused the EPA to require the Metropolitan Sewer District to spend $100 million on green infrastructure, as a part of a 2011 settlement of a Clean Water Act lawsuit with the Environmental Protection Agency and the Missouri Coalition for the Environment. Major flooding that occurred in the St. Louis region (just south of the City) during the winter of 2016 caused a sewage overflow of about 200 million gallons, one of the largest in the United States over the last couple years. In 2015 and 2017, flooding near the City shutdown two major highways (44 & 55) that lead to the City. | ||
| 528 | Cities 2021 | 35393 | City of St Louis, MO | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Storm and wind > Tornado | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of tax base to support public services; Population displacement | Energy; Information & communications technology | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Do not know | Medium | Immediately | Missouri is located within “Tornado Alley,” an area of the Midwestern and Southern United States where tornadoes most frequently occur. The City of St. Louis is at a high risk for tornado impact. In the half century between 1950 to 2006, there were three recorded tornadoes within the City of St. Louis.135 In contrast, during the decade between 2007 and 2017, there were four tornadoes recorded within city limits. Overall, vulnerability to tornadoes is moderate in City of St. Louis. Although the City has low numbers of mobile homes (structures most vulnerable), the City does have high concentrations of low-income and elderly, both of which may have lower ability to respond to warnings. These populations are also less likely to have property insurance. Power outages caused by high winds or tornadoes has caused some individuals to use other alternative sources of energy that might increase respiratory asphyxiation and carbon-monoxide poisonings. In addition, windstorms pose a significant risk of death and morbidity due to electrocution. | |
| 529 | Cities 2021 | 35449 | Stadt Zürich | Switzerland | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | No | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services | Commercial; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Other, please specify: Outdoor Workers; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | The city of Zurich has experienced an increase in the number of warm days (+30 Celsius degrees ) and tropical nights (+20 Celsius degrees). According to the forecasts until the year 2040 the number of warm days should increase from 22 to 44 and the number of warm nights from 20 to 50. We expect in the future: impairment of human health, in particular of sensitive groups such as the elderly or weakened persons and children; performance degradation at work; increase in cooling energy requirements; degradation of soil, water and air quality; impairment of biodiversity (heat stress). | |
| 530 | Cities 2021 | 35449 | Stadt Zürich | Switzerland | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Storm and wind > Lightning / thunderstorm | No | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Land use planning | Children & youth; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | So far the city of Zurich has not experienced significant impacts due to increased heavy rains. However, due to the trend towards increasing intensive precipitation in the greater Zurich area, a future increase in landslides on slopes and the increase the risk of flooding can be assumed. Incresed damage to the constrictions are expected. | |
| 531 | Cities 2021 | 35449 | Stadt Zürich | Switzerland | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | No | Medium Low | Medium Low | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | So far the city of Zurich has not experienced significant impacts due floods events. The city of Zurich only narrowly escaped major flood damage in 2005: if the precipitation center had been over the Sihl catchment area instead of the Bernese Oberland, the Sihl would have flooded large parts of the city of Zurich. Since high material assets and infrastructure are often located underground, major damage would have occurred even if the water had been shallow. In July 2021, the expected precipitation for the whole month occurred in only four days, causing the Sihl and Limmat rivers and Lake Zürich to fill up to alarming levels. The expected increase in heavy precipitation events and floods can lead to landslides, erosion and flooding lead. This affects in particular buildings on slopes and along watercourses where damage to the building may be caused. Extreme events such as floods can result in injuries and deaths. Possible impact on drinking water quality with negative impact on human health. | |
| 532 | Cities 2021 | 35449 | Stadt Zürich | Switzerland | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Water Scarcity > Drought | No | Medium Low | Medium Low | Increased demand for healthcare services | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | So far the city of Zurich has not experienced significant impacts due periods of drought. Longer and more intense droughts are expected in the future for the entire greater Zurich area, especially in the summer. Possible impact on drinking water quality with negative impact on human health. Stress for the local flora and fauna, thus increasing the need for maintenance and irrigation of open spaces. Soil settlement, which can cause damage to the building material. Energy production or water for firefighting. Harvest losses on farms in the city and the risk of forest fires can increase. | |
| 533 | Cities 2021 | 35449 | Stadt Zürich | Switzerland | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | Medium | Medium Low | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | Medium Low | Immediately | More road floadings > more emergency services and coordination required. | |
| 534 | Cities 2021 | 35449 | Stadt Zürich | Switzerland | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Wild fire > Forest fire | No | Low | Low | Increased demand for public services | Environment, biodiversity, forestry | Other, please specify: All | Increasing | Increasing | Medium Low | Short-term (by 2025) | More regional planning and coordination is necessary. More material must be purchased. | |
| 535 | Cities 2021 | 35449 | Stadt Zürich | Switzerland | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Biological hazards > Insect infestation | Yes | Low | Low | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Commercial; Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential; Tourism | Other, please specify: All | Increasing | Increasing | Low | Short-term (by 2025) | New species have invaded (Asiatische Buschmücke, plants, animals) > more health consequences, more maintenance of green spaces is nesserary. | |
| 536 | Cities 2021 | 35475 | City of Calgary, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Information & communications technology; Other, please specify: Infrastructure and utilities infrastructure; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Heavy rainfall causes significant and costly damage to building foundations, drainage systems and personal property, erosion and compromised slope stability, potential loss of power, increasing run-off leading to decrease in surface water quality and temporary surface flooding. Calgary and southern Alberta are also already impacted by severe rain storm each year. | |
| 537 | Cities 2021 | 35475 | City of Calgary, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Extreme Precipitation > Heavy snow | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Other, please specify: Infrastructure; Public health; Society / community & culture; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Winter is projected to have the most significant seasonal increase in precipitation for Calgary, falling as a mix of snow and rain. As the climate warms and more moisture can be held in the atmosphere, individual winter storms will become heavier with more snowfall per storm. Ice storms, like those experienced in eastern Canada today, may also begin to occur in Calgary. Ice storms in particular can damage infrastructure and cause power failure (e.g. downing of overhead powerlines), increase the change of multi-day service disruptions, and result in more injuries due to increased traffic accidents, or slipping and falling. The latter is a particular concern as Calgary’s population ages and is more at risk of serious injury due to falls. In the event of a multi-day disruption to public services, citizens may be at risk if they cannot access ambulance and fire services | |
| 538 | Cities 2021 | 35475 | City of Calgary, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Extreme Precipitation > Hail | Yes | High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Information & communications technology; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Increased severity and frequency of hail storms, leading to damaged infrastructure and assets (public and private). Calgary is already the "hail capital" of Canada, with many insurance claims for damage to households and automobiles each year. Hail causes damage to personal property primarily vehicles, building envelopes and items stored outdoors. The June 2020 hail storm in Calgary led to $1.3 billion in insurable losses. | |
| 539 | Cities 2021 | 35475 | City of Calgary, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Storm and wind > Severe wind | Yes | High | Low | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services | Commercial; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Information & communications technology; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | None | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Consequences of high winds include exposing City populations to injury and fatality risk from building collapse, downed powerlines, damaged trees, and compromised transportation corridors (for example signal loss or damaged streets as a result of mobilized debris and increased likelihood of traffic accidents due to lost road signal infrastructure). Populations would also be impacted by stranding or displacement compromised living or working conditions, exposed landfill material in public spaces, and psychological effects. Wind gusts would damage building envelopes as well as mobilize debris, trees and construction site materials. Loss of urban tree canopy would be widespread, recreation and historical sites would be damaged, and water bodies would see increased sediment load from dust and deposition. City infrastructure may be damaged including bus shelters, signals, street signs, street and lamps. Critical infrastructure would experience interruptions, possibly outages. Tall buildings may see damage to foundations and structure. Damaged or compromised streets and pathways would cause congestion, parks, open spaces and trails would be temporarily closed or restricted, special events would be cancelled, and access to community programs would be reduced or lost. | |
| 540 | Cities 2021 | 35475 | City of Calgary, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Storm and wind > Tornado | No | Low | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Information & communications technology; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | While the probability of a tornado striking a particular site is relatively low, the consequences of a tornado depend on its location and the number of people present. Infrastructure impacts can include loss of power, severe damage to buildings and transportation corridors with possible loss of lives, as well as the potential for water service disruptions or sewage backup. Longer-term impacts could include the temporary displacement of people from their homes, injuries and deaths, loss of business revenue, and ongoing psychological trauma. Given the extreme difficulty in upgrading infrastructure to survive a tornado impact, improvements to weather monitoring and advance public warning systems are critical. Based on the available scientific data, it is not yet clear to what extent climate change could increase the frequency or severity of tornadoes in Alberta, however, as we anticipate seeing a rise in convective storms we also anticipate seeing an increase in the conditions which may lead to tornado formation. | |
| 541 | Cities 2021 | 35475 | City of Calgary, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Storm and wind > Lightning / thunderstorm | Yes | High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Information & communications technology; Public health; Society / community & culture; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Consequences of these storms vary depending on their nature. Heavy rainfall causes significant and costly damage to building foundations, drainage systems and personal property, erosion and compromised slope stability, and potential loss of power. Lightning would damage buildings and supporting infrastructure. Streets and pathways would become unsafe or impassable, trees would be damaged, powerlines downed, and localized flooding would occur due to storm drains being blocked by debris. These storms can cause blockage in drainage systems, causing localized flooding. Calgary and southern Alberta are also already impacted by severe lightning and thunderstorms each year and more frequent storms increases the risk of more frequent hail/lightning/thunderstorms. The Insurance Bureau of Canada indicates that insurance premiums for homes and cars are increasing due to extreme weather. | |
| 542 | Cities 2021 | 35475 | City of Calgary, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Extreme cold temperature > Extreme winter conditions | Yes | Medium High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Other, please specify: Utilities, infrastructure; Public health; Society / community & culture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Decreasing | Medium | Immediately | Although we do currently experience extreme cold temperatures this is one hazard that we anticipate experiencing less of an impact from due to climate change. Extreme cold temperatures lead to increased health risk for vulnerable populations. We anticipate seeing fewer freeze-thaw cycles, however they may still lead to weather related damages to infrastructure and assets (public and private). I Freezing precipitation in the form of freezing rain and drizzle, resulting in ice accretion on exposed surfaces, requires specific conditions to occur and may occur more frequently due to climate change. Freezing precipitation requires the presence of an elevated layer of warmer air above 0°C, deep enough to melt falling precipitation, but with sub-zero surface conditions sufficient to cool liquid precipitation and cause it to freeze on contact with and accumulate on surfaces such as trees and overhead communication and electrical infrastructure. Data recorded at Calgary International Airport already suggests these events appear to be an emerging hazard for the region; one that infrastructure in southern Alberta is not designed to withstand. | |
| 543 | Cities 2021 | 35475 | City of Calgary, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 8 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | High | Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Law & order; Public health; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Outdoor workers; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Climate change will significantly impact the frequency, duration, and intensity of heat waves in Calgary. This may increase heat-related illnesses and fatalities, especially for outdoor workers, people with health conditions, children and seniors. Heat waves can also result in increased electricity demand for cooling, which can lead to brownouts during periods of peak demand, further increasing health risks. Additional impacts include reduced ground-level air quality, reduced water quality, increased odours from waste and waste facilities, and heat-expansion damage to steel structures and infrastructure such as rail tracks and roadways. | |
| 544 | Cities 2021 | 35475 | City of Calgary, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 9 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | High | Medium High | Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Energy; Law & order; Public health; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Outdoor workers; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Climate change will significantly impact the frequency, duration, and intensity of heat waves in Calgary. This may increase heat-related illnesses and fatalities, especially for outdoor workers, people with health conditions, children and seniors. Heat waves can also result in increased electricity demand for cooling, which can lead to brownouts during periods of peak demand, further increasing health risks. Additional impacts include reduced ground-level air quality, reduced water quality, increased odours from waste and waste facilities, and heat-expansion damage to steel structures and infrastructure such as rail tracks and roadways | |
| 545 | Cities 2021 | 35475 | City of Calgary, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 10 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of tax base to support public services; Loss of traditional jobs; Migration from rural areas to cities | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Agriculture workers; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | The consequences of a multi-year drought are far reaching. In addition to the impact on local agriculture and other water intensive businesses, droughts affect the health of plants, wildlife, wetlands, forests, parks, open spaces, recreational facilities and private yards. Drying out of forests increases the risk of wildfires, which impact both local air quality and even water quality if they occur upstream of the source of Calgary’s water supply. Trees and plants also become more susceptible to pest and disease outbreaks (e.g. pine beetles) since lack of water can stress trees, limiting their ability to react to these attacks. Calgary is working on a Drought Management Plan and provides support for provincial drought management planning efforts. Alberta has a large farming and ranching community, and multi-year droughts could impact income of these families, and possibly lead to migration of rural people to the cities. | |
| 546 | Cities 2021 | 35475 | City of Calgary, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 11 | Wild fire > Land fire | Yes | Medium Low | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Industrial; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Calgary is less exposed to physical damage from local wildfires due to the limited amount of forest in close proximity to the city. However, Calgary is on the fringe of the Canadian prairie which can become very dry. Calgary has experienced multiple grass fires, such as those on Nose Hill, and some communities in Calgary adjacent to urban forests and grassland areas have an elevated risk from wildfires.Wildfires upstream along the Elbow and Bow Rivers could also impact drinking water supply and quality for years after a fire due to wildfire’s tendency to destroy natural features that assist in protecting water sources from runoff contamination (chemicals, erosion and turbidity). A Wildfire Hazard Assessment was completed and a Wildfire Task Force was in place, specifically to manage risk to our drinking water due to wildfire in the source watershed. | |
| 547 | Cities 2021 | 35475 | City of Calgary, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 12 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Indigenous population; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Leading to personal loss of property and belongings, temporary or long term homelessness and psychosocial effects. Damage to private and public property and interrupting transportation. Increased run-off leading to decrease in surface water quality. Increased likelihood of flooded roads leading to hazardous driving conditions. Some of the more significant impacts of floods include injuries and the risk of fatalities, power outages, dislocation of residents from their homes and communities, service disruptions, stormwater backups and basement flooding, costly damage to buildings and infrastructure. | |
| 548 | Cities 2021 | 35475 | City of Calgary, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 13 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | Medium | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of tax base to support public services; Population displacement | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Information & communications technology; Land use planning; Law & order; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Major river flooding in Calgary can be triggered by a range of events including intense summer storms, rain-on-snow, ice jamming, or combinations of all these events. These events all increase river and water table levels, leading to overland or groundwater flooding. Although these floods may last only a few days, the flood impacts on people and communities can remain for months to years. Some of the more significant impacts of floods include injuries and the risk of fatalities, power outages, dislocation of residents from their homes and communities, service disruptions, stormwater backups and basement flooding, costly damage to buildings and infrastructure, and long-term changes to rivers including erosion and reduced river bank stability.The City of Calgary has been addressing the risk of river flooding since the major flood of 2013, through mitigation actions such as upstream water management, river bank engineering, riparian restoration, redesign of storm-water outfalls, construction of berms, flood gates in high-risk areas, and lot-level protection. | |
| 549 | Cities 2021 | 35475 | City of Calgary, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 14 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | Yes | High | Low | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Society / community & culture; Tourism | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Outdoor workers | Increasing | None | Medium Low | Medium-term (2026-2050) | With higher average temperatures, this can create ideal conditions for pest and disease outbreaks. This can directly impact people’s health as new diseases migrate further north, as has already been seen with Lyme disease, Zika, and the West Nile virus. Outdoor workers and those who enjoy outdoor activities will be most at risk. Growth of invasive species, such as the pine beetle, can wipe out entire forests, with potential impacts to the food chain and local wildlife, as well as negative impacts on forestry and tourism.Pine beetle killed trees can lead to extreme risk of forest fires, which have affected Alberta and BC communities already. | |
| 550 | Cities 2021 | 35755 | Village of Kadiovacik | Turkey | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | No | Medium | Medium | Commercial; Food & agriculture; Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Long-term (after 2050) | Our village is an agricultural area and there are many farming area. Farming will be extremely affected |
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The dataset contains 2021 data on cities' climate hazards, reported by cities through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System in response to question 2.1 (" Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity.") in the 2021 Cities questionnaire. View cities questionnaire guidance at https://www.cdp.net/en/guidance/guidance-for-cities. Please contact cities@cdp.net if you have any questions.
This data is collected through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System. When using this data, please cite both organisations using the following wording: ‘This data was collected in partnership by CDP and ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability’.
For further guidance on how to reference this data for use in external publications, please refer to the Open Data Portal Terms of Use available on the homepage.
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