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2021 Cities Climate Hazards
| Row number | Questionnaire Name | Account Number | Account Name | Country | CDP Region | ParentSection | Section | Question Number | Question Name | RowNumber | RowName | Climate Hazards | Did this hazard significantly impact your city before 2021? | Current probability of hazard | Current magnitude of hazard | Social impact of hazard overall | Most relevant assets / services affected overall | Please identify which vulnerable populations are affected | Future change in frequency | Future change in intensity | Future expected magnitude of hazard | When do you first expect to experience those changes in frequency and intensity? | Please describe the impacts experienced so far, and how you expect the hazard to impact in the future |
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| 551 | Cities 2021 | 35848 | Municipality of Belo Horizonte | Brazil | Latin America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of traditional jobs | Residential; Transport; Waste management | Children & youth; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Ao longo dos anos tem sido regsitrado concentração de chuvas com aumento da preciptação (mm) por unidade de hora. No ano de 2018 e 2019, o município sofeu com vários casos de aumento do volume de chuvas, ventos com alta velocidade. Foram regsitradas vários casos de queda de árvores, inclusive com óbitos registrados. Também foram registrados vários alagamentos e pontos de inundação no munícipio. Para o futuro, tal como estimando no estudo de vulnerabilidade, existe uma projeção de aumento de áreas afetadas pelo risco de inundação sobretudo em áreas com pessoas de baixa renda. | |
| 552 | Cities 2021 | 35848 | Municipality of Belo Horizonte | Brazil | Latin America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Do not know | Medium High | Medium High | Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Impacto maior em pessoas mais vulneráveis como idosos e crianças. | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Information & communications technology; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Ondas de calor podem causar danos a saúde (estresse por calor, insuficiência cardíaca, insuficiência renal por desidratação - Revista britânica The Lancet) principalmente em idosos e pessoas com doenças crônicas além de aumentar a incidência de doenças tropicais (ex: dengue, febre amarela, febre maculosa, chicungunha). | |
| 553 | Cities 2021 | 35848 | Municipality of Belo Horizonte | Brazil | Latin America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand | Commercial; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Pressão negativa sobre o fornecimento de água potável | |
| 554 | Cities 2021 | 35848 | Municipality of Belo Horizonte | Brazil | Latin America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Emergency services; Public health | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Aumento da incidência de doenças tropicais (ex: dengue, febre amarela, febre maculosa, chicungunha). Aumento de populações de insetos que se tornar pragas na arborização urbana e também em cultivos de alimentos proveniente da agricultura urbana. | |
| 555 | Cities 2021 | 35848 | Municipality of Belo Horizonte | Brazil | Latin America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Biological hazards > Water-borne disease | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Contaminação por cianobactérias em mananciais e corpos dagua em áreas de turismo. | |
| 556 | Cities 2021 | 35848 | Municipality of Belo Horizonte | Brazil | Latin America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | High | High | Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Education; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Law & order; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Risco de deslizamento de encostas. | |
| 557 | Cities 2021 | 35848 | Municipality of Belo Horizonte | Brazil | Latin America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Industrial; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Perdas anuais significativas de bens materiais privados e públicos, afetando principalmente a população de baixa renda, que não tem tempo de se recuperar financeiramente entre um acidente e o seguinte. As perdas de vida, essas irrecuperáveis, felizmente quase não acontecem. | |
| 558 | Cities 2021 | 35853 | City of Baltimore, MD | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | High | High | Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy; Law & order; Public health | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | An extreme heat condition is identified when prolonged temperatures are 10° or more above the average high temperature for a region. In Baltimore’s past, between the 1950s and the 1970s, an average of 60 percent of summer days had met the maximum temperature extremes. In the 2000s, that percentage grew to approximately 75-90 percent of summer days reaching maximum temperature extremes. Studies predict that Baltimore may experience between 85-95 percent such days before the middle of the century, or between 90-95 percent by 2100.The summer season in Baltimore City is known to have frequent high temperatures accompanied by high humidity. On some summer days, urban air can reach temperatures up to 10°F warmer than surrounding suburban or rural areas — a phenomenon known as the “urban heat island effect.” Densely developed, metropolitan areas tend to replace the natural land cover with asphalt, sidewalks, buildings, and other hard infrastructure. As opposed to natural elements of an ecosystem, which can absorb the sun’s heat and cool the surrounding air through evapotranspiration, these hard materials retain and radiate heat. The resulting warm urban temperatures can give rise to adverse public and environmental health problems and can increase energy usage for summertime cooling. The urban heat island effect is anticipated to become intensified as extreme heat events increase as a result of climate change.A significant increase in the number of extreme heat days could place people at a greater risk of suffering from heat-related health conditions, including heat stress, heat exhaustion, or heat stroke. These medical problems are a particular threat to the elderly population, young children, or people with respiratory difficulties. For instance, in the heatwave following the June 29, 2012 derecho, a total of 8 heat-related fatalities were reported in Baltimore City.(excerpt from DP3) | |
| 559 | Cities 2021 | 35853 | City of Baltimore, MD | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | High | High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Public health; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Marginalized groups | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Flooding occurs when rivers, creeks, streams, ditches, or other hydrological features receive too much water. Three categories of food are common in the State of Maryland: flash, riverine, and coastal. In Baltimore, major flooding events are the result of riverine flooding along the stream tributaries of the Patapsco River — including the Gwynns Falls and the Jones Falls, as well as their own tributaries — or from tidal flooding in the Northwest Harbor and Middle Branch of the Patapsco River. Most of Baltimore’s recorded foods have been the result of either flash flooding during sudden, short-lived rainstorms, or localized flooding due to poor drainage and stormwater management. Baltimore has experienced 72 flood events in the period from 1996 through 2017, seeing an average of 3.27 events annually. In Baltimore, 6.4 percent of the City's total area is currently designated as a high-risk flood zone while 3 percent is within the coastal floodplain. More frequent and extreme precipitation events could make these conditions a common hazard, and the impacts from sea-level rise and land subsidence will likely intensify future losses.(Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 560 | Cities 2021 | 35853 | City of Baltimore, MD | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > Coastal flood | Yes | Medium High | High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport | Low-income households | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | In Baltimore, coastal tidal flooding usually occurs as a result of storm events, such as nor’easters or hurricanes. As an additional concern, flood maps indicate that some areas of tidal flooding are also affected by high-velocity flooding. High-velocity flooding, where floodwaters can move faster than five feet per second, can exacerbate flood damage. Tropical storms and hurricanes are very intense, low-pressure wind systems that form over tropical or subtropical waters and can cause coastal flooding. Baltimore has experienced 13 coastal hazard events from 1997 to2017. These events are likely to be more frequent and intense in the future.(Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 561 | Cities 2021 | 35853 | City of Baltimore, MD | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | Medium High | Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Heatwaves are characterized by prolonged extreme high-temperature days. According to the National Climate Assessment, regional climate model simulations suggest that Maryland could experience more than twice as many days per year over 95°F by mid-century — with an estimated 15 additional days above 95°F each year. This is expected to severely impact vulnerable populations, infrastructure, agriculture and ecosystems. In the future, Baltimore expects that periods of extreme heat are likely to increase in frequency, duration, and intensity.(Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 562 | Cities 2021 | 35853 | City of Baltimore, MD | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Storm and wind > Lightning / thunderstorm | Yes | Medium High | Medium | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Energy; Transport | Persons living in sub-standard housing | None | Increasing | Low | Immediately | When atmospheric conditions combine to provide moisture, lift, and warm unstable air that rapidly elevates, a thunderstorm is formed. Thunderstorms can occur at any time of day and in all months of the year but are most common during summer afternoons or evenings and in combination with frontal boundaries. Maryland experiences approximately 20-40 thunderstorm days per year and frequently occur in Baltimore. Thunderstorms are considered a significant hazard due to their ability to spawn tornadoes, hailstorms, strong winds, fash foods, and damaging lightning.Every thunderstorm is accompanied by lightning; in fact, the actual sound of thunder is a direct result of lightning. The phenomenon occurs when water droplets are carried by the updraft of a thunderstorm to the upper parts of the atmosphere where they freeze and become charged. Lightning is the charged electrical channel that shoots downward toward the earth’s surface. As this channel nears the ground, it is attracted to oppositely-charged channels which, once connected, create a powerful electrical current that produces a visible flash of lightning. Lightning often strikes outside of areas where rain is actually falling, at times appearing as far as 10 miles away from rainfall. It can strike from any part of the storm, and may even strike after the storm has seemed to pass. Additionally, a lightning bolt can warm the surrounding air to temperatures as high as 60,000° Fahrenheit. In Baltimore, lightning strikes have been the cause of significant property damage throughout the years, and have even taken the lives of City residents. As the frequency and intensity of thunderstorms increases, so will the lightning associated with these storms. (Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 563 | Cities 2021 | 35853 | City of Baltimore, MD | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Storm and wind > Cyclone (Hurricane / Typhoon) | Yes | Medium | Medium High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy; Society / community & culture; Transport | Persons living in sub-standard housing | None | Increasing | Low | Immediately | Tropical storms and hurricanes are very intense, low-pressure wind systems that form over tropical or subtropical waters. Both tropical storms and hurricanes are considered tropical cyclones; the distinction, however, is based on wind speeds and, typically, on the amount of destruction produced (i.e. the “impact”). Tropical storms are given a name when the maximum sustained wind speeds within the storm’s eyewall reach or exceed 39 mph. If a tropical storm continues to grow in strength, and peak wind speeds reach 74 mph, it is then declared a hurricane. Coastal storm systems can persist for extended periods of time, and across great distances. As hurricanes are sometimes hundreds of miles across, their effects can be felt in areas that may be quite distant from the storm’s center. Due to a combination of geographic and climatic factors, major hurricanes of Categories 3 and above generally begin to weaken upon reaching the mid-Atlantic. Recent hurricanes and tropical storm impacts to Baltimore have included minor flooding from heavy rainfall and winds. Eight storm events related to hurricanes have affected Baltimore from 2013 to 2017. Hurricane impacts in our area are expected to maintain current frequency but increase in intensity.(Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 564 | Cities 2021 | 35853 | City of Baltimore, MD | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Storm and wind > Storm surge | No | Medium Low | High | Increased demand for public services | Commercial; Industrial; Residential | Marginalized groups | None | Increasing | High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | A storm surge, one of the most damaging impacts of a coastal storm event, is an abnormal local rise in sea level, caused by deepening low pressure in the core of the storm that creates an extreme difference in barometric pressure between the tropical system and the atmospheric environment outside the system. As a result, a dome of water rises under the eye of the storm and is eventually pushed onto the coastline as the storm makes landfall. The height of a surge is measured as the deviation (in feet) above the average sea level. In extreme circumstances, storm surge can and has exceeded a height of 25 feet in other areas around the world. Storm surge is especially damaging due to the combination of a high volume of water covering a large geographic area that is moving toward or across the land at high velocity. According to NOAA, 9 out of every 10 deaths associated with coastal storms are caused by storm surge—demonstrating why this water phenomenon is often the greatest threat to life and property from a tropical system. As the scale demonstrates, when a storm grows more intense, the resulting storm surge is more likely to reach greater heights and bring more significant damage. Storm surge may also accompany significant coastal storms that are known along the east coast as “Nor’easters.” Baltimore experienced 13 storm surge/tide and coastal flood events in the period from 1999 to 2017. The combined anticipated sea-level rise, land subsidence, and potential for tropical systems to cause tidal flooding will likely increase the intensity of storm surge events.(Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 565 | Cities 2021 | 35853 | City of Baltimore, MD | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 8 | Storm and wind > Severe wind | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Information & communications technology | Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Wind is the motion of air past a given point caused by a difference in pressure from one place to another. Wind poses a threat to Maryland in many forms, including winds that are produced by severe thunderstorms and tropical weather systems. The effects of wind can include blowing debris, interruptions in elevated power and communications utilities, and intensified effects of winter weather. Harm to people and animals, as well as damage to property, trees, and infrastructure, may result. Data records indicate 156 high wind events took place between 1956 and 2017. Severe wind events are expected to increase in frequency and intensity. | |
| 566 | Cities 2021 | 35853 | City of Baltimore, MD | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 9 | Extreme Precipitation > Heavy snow | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Transport; Waste management | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | None | Increasing | Low | Immediately | Winter storms produce more than just snow. Winter weather can take many forms, including freezing rain, sleet, extreme cold, and high winds. These conditions may occur singly or in any combination. Freezing rain is that which falls onto a surface where the temperature is below freezing, causing the rain to form a coating of ice. Conversely, sleet occurs as raindrops freeze into ice pellets in the cold air before reaching the ground. Like snow, freezing rain and sleet can create hazardous conditions for motorists. Even small accumulations of ice can make walking or driving extremely dangerous. Moreover, significant accumulations of ice can fell trees and utility lines, resulting in loss of power and communication. While winter storms are expected in Baltimore— and the City budgets and prepares for snow removal activities each year — winter storms occasionally reach a magnitude that overwhelms local response efforts. This stress may be placed on the transportation system as roads are unable to be efficiently salted or plowed, or it may be placed on electrical infrastructure. Over the past decade, Baltimore City has experienced several strong winter storms that have disrupted regular activities and caused a number of automobile accidents and power outages. While rising temperatures are causing Baltimore to experience less snowfall overall, we expect to see an increase in intensity from heavy snow events.(Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 567 | Cities 2021 | 35853 | City of Baltimore, MD | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 10 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | No | Medium | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Food & agriculture; Public health; Society / community & culture | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Low | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Warmer, wetter conditions help insects and diseases flourish. In a changing climate, increases in average temperature, precipitation, and humidity will enable disease-carrying vectors and pathogens to infiltrate urban environments more easily. These conditions create favorable environments, for example, for breeding mosquitoes, which are known carriers of disease. Already, Baltimore has experienced a growing population of the tiger mosquito, originally native to Southeast Asia. According to the National Climate Assessment, shorter and warmer winters may increase survival and growth of disease-causing agents and parasites. Additionally, a changing climate may influence the distribution of diseases that are sensitive to temperature and moisture — including anthrax, blackleg, and hemorrhagic septicemia — and lead to increased incidence of ketosis, mastitis, and lameness in dairy cows.(Excerpt from DP3) | |
| 568 | Cities 2021 | 35856 | Busan Metropolitan City | Republic of Korea | East Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Public health | Elderly; Marginalized groups | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Extremely hot days are rising. If Busan continues to emit GHG at the current pace, the average annual temperature is expected to rise by more than 2.3℃ in late 21st century. | |
| 569 | Cities 2021 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | Medium High | Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Food & agriculture; Public health | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Cincinnati is heating up and will continue to do so. By the end of the century the average annual temperature in Cincinnati is expected to rise seven degrees and include two major heat waves per year. Our summers will start to feel more like Pharr, TX, a border city 1,400 miles south of Cincinnati! Right now, Ohio averages five days per year that are considered dangerously hot (Over 95°F). That’s two more sweltering days than we saw in 1950, but by 2050 we can expect over 30 dangerously hot days per year. More dangerous heat days mean higher rates of asthma, heat rash and cramps, as well as heat stroke, which can be fatal. Increased heat will affect more than your summer plans. Hotter weather means higher evaporation rates. Rivers like the Great Miami could shrink by 35% , and agricultural productivity will suffer. Winters will be warmer too. With changes to the freeze/thaw cycle comes some unexpected challenges like flooding, increased insect and weed populations, and loss of native species that require cold weather. | |
| 570 | Cities 2021 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | High | Medium Low | Increased demand for public services | Emergency services; Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Cincinnati has seen almost a 40% increase in the amount of precipitation falling in very heavy rain events since the 1950s, and it is predicted that this trend could cause the Ohio River to surge by 25% in the next 30 years. Major storm events can cause major damage, ranging from sewer backups, to landslides, to flash flooding. The storms of 2017 have forced the City to spend over $50 million on storm-related issues. These costs have prompted the City to form an Extreme Weather Task Force to evaluate policy recommendations to prepare for and minimize future storm damages. Major flash flooding in May 2020 caused 4,900 Hamilton County residents to lose power and forced evacuations across Southwest Ohio. | |
| 571 | Cities 2021 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Extreme cold temperature > Extreme winter conditions | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Emergency services; Food & agriculture | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons | Increasing | Increasing | High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Extreme winter conditions have cause shortages of resources and temporary shutdown of businesses, which can harm the economy of Cincinnati. Roads are also increasingly dangerous, and more accidents can occur. Extreme winter conditions can cause an increased health risk to many vulnerable populations. As extreme winter conditions worsen in both quantity and strength, all these impacts will likely worsen. | |
| 572 | Cities 2021 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | High | Medium Low | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Cincinnati has seen almost a 40% increase in the amount of precipitation falling in very heavy rain events since the 1950s, and it is predicted that this trend could cause the Ohio River to surge by 25% in the next 30 years. Major storm events can cause major damage, ranging from sewer backups, to landslides, to flash flooding. The storms of 2017 have forced the City to spend over $50 million on storm-related issues. These costs have prompted the City to form an Extreme Weather Task Force to evaluate policy recommendations to prepare for and minimize future storm damages. | |
| 573 | Cities 2021 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Biological hazards > Insect infestation | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health | Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | As the climate changes and temperatures rise, winters will become shorter and Ohio growing seasons could extend by 6 weeks. While potentially good for farmers and food production, it also impacts insects and agricultural pests. As CO2 levels increase, the nitrogen levels of plants fall—a crucial nutrient for most insects. This can cause pest attacks to be more severe as they eat more plants to gain more nitrogen. And with shorter winters, more of these agricultural nuisances will live longer. Extended periods of hotter weather could mean more ticks and mosquitos in Ohio, and therefore more global spread of infectious diseases and local spread of vector-borne diseases like Lyme. Cincinnati already ranks 25th among the 50 U.S. cities with the most mosquitoes. Some fungi and other pathogens are moving northward up to 4 miles per year. As Cincinnati heats up, the city will have to prepare for bigger populations of familiar and newly introduced pests. | |
| 574 | Cities 2021 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Biological hazards > Air-borne disease | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | As Cincinnati’s climate changes, there could be many changes that affect our daily health. Air quality deteriorates as hotter weather causes more pollutants—ozone and fine particles—which exacerbates respiratory conditions like asthma and chronic obtrusive pulmonary disease. As air pollution increases, so do negative cardiovascular outcomes like heart attacks and deep vein clots. As extreme temperatures become the new normal, Cincinnati could see heat-related deaths increase by 70-120% by the 2080’s. Additionally, the rise of heavy downpours and floods due to climate change will lead to more sewer overflows and wet basements. These events can cause mold to grow in homes and businesses, and transport disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and parasites. | |
| 575 | Cities 2021 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services | Commercial; Food & agriculture; Public health | Elderly; Low-income households; Other, please specify: Farmers, construction workers, sanitation workers, etc. who work in outdoor conditions. | Increasing | Increasing | High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | One of the chronic threats to agriculture from climate change in the Greater Cincinnati Area is crop loss. Rise in average temperatures will lead to longer frost-free seasons and other conditions that can increase crop yield (such as higher concentrations of atmospheric CO2), but this heat will also lead to severe drought and pest issues. Across the state of Ohio, summer drought severity is projected to increase by 50% by 2050. Lower, more erratic water levels and rising temperatures will cause inland Greater Cincinnati counties such as Butler and Warren to experience the worst droughts in the area. Hotter summers will create more high-risk working conditions for farmers, and cause crop ranges to migrate north (particularly for corn and soy, resulting in major economic output losses). Wetter springs, more flooding, and effects to quality of agricultural water resources will create more production unpredictability and lead to crop losses if farms are not prepared for severe events. | |
| 576 | Cities 2021 | 35857 | City of Cincinnati, OH | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 8 | Mass movement > Landslide | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Industrial; Land use planning; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Short-term (by 2025) | Cincinnati has a high risk for landslides due to both the geography of the area as well as the development of land. The city and surrounding area has one of the highest per-capita costs due to landslides in the U.S., especially since 2011.The city is especially susceptible to landslides along streams and valleys, because these areas have primarily silt and clay soils that result in bedrock failure. These failures primarily occur in areas dominated by shale, such as the Kope Formation and the Miamitown Shale. Hazard risk also increases in areas of development, where the land is disturbed due to construction and other activities. Landslides in recent years have increased due to increased rainfall and the hilly nature of the city. Columbia Parkway has been subject to multiple landslides in the last several years alone, which have resulted in road closures and structural damage costing millions of dollars. As landslides become more common, Cincinnati will continue to see damage to infrastructure and housing in residential areas, which increases risks to citizens and harms the strength of our economy. | |
| 577 | Cities 2021 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Emergency services; Public health; Residential; Transport | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | None | None | Medium High | Immediately | While Cape Town is projected to receive less annual rainfall into the future, storm events due to cut-off low systems are projected to remain at approximately the same as current levels. Cut-off low systems can bring particularly damaging winds and heavy rains. Storm events due to mid-latitude cyclones are projected to decrease into the future due to the southward shift of these weather systems. However, flooding in Cape Town is primarily driven by high vulnerability due to poor drainage, high water tables, the presence of wetlands, and informality and sub-standard housing. This is expected to remain into the future and worsen as increasingly marginal land is informally occupied. | |
| 578 | Cities 2021 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Increased temperatures will have impact on various economic sectors, as it would likely lead to an increased need for cooling and refrigeration in summer, which could impact energy security and pricing. People are likely to be increasingly prone to the negative health effects of increased average and maximum temperatures, including higher mortality rates for elderly and chronically ill people. Higher temperatures could have effects on worker productivity, with knock on economic impacts. Heat stress on crop yields, rangeland and livestock productivity, can cause damage to agricultural productivity, which will affect Cape Town’s food production and supplies. This could increase the price of food and exacerbate food insecurity, particularly for Cape Town’s most vulnerable communities. Heat often leads to an increase in water demand for e.g. watering gardens, filling swimming pools, with serious consequences should heat waves and drought co-occur. | |
| 579 | Cities 2021 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Damage to roads and properties; Population displacement | Emergency services; Public health; Residential | Persons living in sub-standard housing | None | None | Medium | Immediately | Flooding is expected to remain at approximately the same levels as currently occur. Flooding has the following impacts: Places increased pressure on disaster relief systems; Damage to private and public infrastructure; Create challenges to stormwater systems in urban settlements; Increase soil erosion, river bank erosion and demands for protection structures; Impact on insurance coverage, pay-outs and premiums. | |
| 580 | Cities 2021 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Increased water costs | Public health; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Between 2015 and 2017 Cape Town experienced a severe drought. The impacts of this multi-year severe drought led in early 2018 to the unprecedented possibility that Cape Town and surrounds may run out water entirely. This was averted due to strong action taken by the City and citizens of Cape Town to conserve water. The potential impact of severe water shortages included the potential collapse of the city's wastewater and sanitation system due to a lack of water in the system, and the consequent health impacts thereof. The risk to human health through reduced capacity to carry out normal hygiene such as toilet flushing, bathing, and clothes washing also poses a risk to individual and public health. The impacts of drought on agriculture are serious, with consequent serious negative economic impacts. In the longer term, water scarcity could have negative effects on: Existing business processes, retention of existing businesses and future new investments, with associated impacts on job retention, job creation and economic growth; The quality of water and the state of rivers and wetland ecosystems, with less water available to flush these systems and with an increased potential for failure of City infrastructure, such as waste water treatment works, which rely on rainfall to dilute treated effluent, all leading to increased human health risks; Biodiversity, where flora and fauna might not survive and drying out of vegetation, which together with increased wind speeds could increase the frequency of wild fires; Water price increases, which could have a knock on effect to the economy and society | |
| 581 | Cities 2021 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Wild fire > Forest fire | Yes | High | Medium | Other, please specify: Biodiversity loss; risk to buildings and human life; loss of recreational amenities and amenity value of natural spaces | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Residential | Other, please specify: Those living at the interface between urban and natural areas | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Short-term (by 2025) | Forest fire here refers to wildfires generally. Cape Town does not contain significant forest ecosystems. Increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires could have a detrimental effect on lives, biodiversity, infrastructure, agriculture, and insurance. Homes and businesses close to natural areas and nature reserves are most at risk. High winds combined with hot and dry conditions created increased risk of wildfires. New wildfire management procedures are in place which have improved management of this risk. It must be noted that the natural vegetation of Cape Town (fynbos ecosystem) is fire prone and requires fire in order to flourish; it is therefore an ongoing challenge to ensure that natural vegetation is able to burn as required without impacting on human life or health. As such, controlled ecological burns are conducted in the city's nature reserves where possible. Too-frequent fires will have a negative impact on biodiversity in the city, as many fynbos species are slow growing. | |
| 582 | Cities 2021 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Flood and sea level rise > Coastal flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium | Other, please specify: Damage to property and infrastructure in the coastal zone; Loss of coastal amenity value for recreation | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Residential | Other, please specify: Those living adjacent to the coast; People who use the coast for recreation | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Coastal flooding will lead to increasing damage to public infrastructure and private property. It will also result in coastal erosion and impact on estuaries. Coastal flooding will mostly affect already built-up areas of the coast, mostly middle to upper income suburbs. Coastal erosion and sea level rise also threatens the recreational amenity value of beaches in Cape Town which will have a negative impact on the economy of coastal recreational nodes. | |
| 583 | Cities 2021 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Chemical change > Salt water intrusion | No | Do not know | Medium | Other, please specify: Reduced viability of groundwater resources for water security purposes | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Water supply & sanitation | Other, please specify: All groups as saltwater intrusion will negatively affect the viability of groundwater for water security purposes | Do not know | Do not know | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Salt water intrusion into ground water, aquifers, and coastal wetlands is possible, although currently the likelihood is unknown. This is of concern as aquifers are regarded as one of the key future water supply sources for Cape Town. | |
| 584 | Cities 2021 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 8 | Storm and wind > Storm surge | Yes | Medium | Medium | Other, please specify: Damage to coastal infrastructure and buildings | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Residential | Other, please specify: Those living adjacent to the coastal zone | None | None | Medium | Immediately | Storm surges will result in damage to public infrastructure and private property, as well as coastal erosion. The cost of repairing or replacing public infrastructure damaged or destroyed by storm surge is a challenge, especially in areas where repeated impacts occur. | |
| 585 | Cities 2021 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 9 | Storm and wind > Severe wind | Yes | High | Medium High | Other, please specify: Increased fire risk; damage to infrastructure | Emergency services; Energy; Transport | Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Short-term (by 2025) | Stronger winds, especially those associated with severe storms, pose risks due to trees and power lines being damaged. Damage to power lines can cause isolated areas of the city to be without electricity for days, depending on the severity of the damage. Stronger winds will have an impact on certain economic sectors, as this will affect the harbour, which is already not able to operate for a number of days a year due to high wind speeds. Increased wind in combination with drying and increased temperatures will significantly increase the risk and spread of wildfires and urban fires. This is of particular concern within the city's informal settlements, which are already prone to fire. A correlation between the summer season and informal settlement fires has been noted. It is likely that weather conditions which promote the spread of fire contribute to the severity of informal settlement fires. | |
| 586 | Cities 2021 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 10 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium | Medium | Other, please specify: Damage to infrastructure and dwellings; Population displacement | Emergency services; Public health; Residential | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | None | None | Medium | Immediately | Flooding is expected to remain at approximately the same levels as currently occur. Flooding has the following impacts: Places increased pressure on disaster relief systems; Damage to private and public infrastructure; Create challenges to stormwater systems in urban settlements; Increase soil erosion, river bank erosion and demands for protection structures; Impact on insurance coverage, pay-outs and premiums. Displacement of people, mostly from informal settlements, due to flooding is a significant challenge. | |
| 587 | Cities 2021 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 11 | Flood and sea level rise > Groundwater flood | Yes | Medium | Medium | Other, please specify: Damage to infrastructure and dwellings; Population displacement | Emergency services; Public health; Residential | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | None | None | Medium | Immediately | Flooding is expected to remain at approximately the same levels as currently occur. Flooding has the following impacts: Places increased pressure on disaster relief systems; Damage to private and public infrastructure; Create challenges to stormwater systems in urban settlements; Increase soil erosion, river bank erosion and demands for protection structures; Impact on insurance coverage, pay-outs and premiums. Displacement of people, mostly from informal settlements, due to flooding is a significant challenge. | |
| 588 | Cities 2021 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 12 | Storm and wind > Extra tropical storm | Yes | Medium | Medium High | Other, please specify: Damage to infrastructure and dwellings; Population displacement | Emergency services; Residential; Transport | Low-income households; Other, please specify: People living in high risk areas; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Decreasing | None | Medium | Immediately | Landfall of mid-latitude cyclones is expected to decrease in the future due to the southward shift of these weather systems. This will have a negative impact on the City's water resources. However, it must be noted that the negative impact of storms on Cape Town is largely driven due to high levels of vulnerability including substandard housing and inadequate drainage, especially within the city's informal settlements. | |
| 589 | Cities 2021 | 35859 | City of Cleveland, OH | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | No | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | From 1956 to 2012, the average annual temperature in Cleveland increased by 2.4°F. Average temperatures in Cleveland are projected to increase 3.0°F by mid-century and 5.0°F by the end of century. These higher temperatures will increase the number of heat-related deaths, reduce water quality in Lake Erie, strain food systems, degrade air quality, and put pressure on native plants and animals. Warmer temperatures will reduce building heating loads, but these gains are more than offset by increased reliance on air-conditioning. Increasing intensity of heat waves also increases the chances of another blackout in Northeast Ohio. | |
| 590 | Cities 2021 | 35859 | City of Cleveland, OH | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | High | Medium High | Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Land use planning; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | The amount of total annual precipitation in Cleveland has increased by 24.6% from 1951 to 2014. An increase in precipitation was observed in all four seasons, with the winter seeing the greatest percentage increase of 23.4% (1.7”). Moreover, the frequency and intensity of severe storms has increased. Cleveland has seen a 16.3% increase in the number of heavy precipitation events (49 storms from 1961 to 1990 compared to 57 storms from 1981 to 2010). The northeastern part of Ohio is projected to experience on the order of 2 more days of heavy precipitation (events greater than 1.25”) per year. Heavy precipitation events of more than 2” in a day (i.e., 24-hour period) are projected to increase by no more than one day (0.25 to 1 days) by mid-century and increase by slightly more (0.75 to 1.25 days) by end of century. Heavy rain and lake effect snow are expected to increase. This may cause flooding, combined sewer overflows, a reduction in river and stream quality, and higher maintenance costs. | |
| 591 | Cities 2021 | 35859 | City of Cleveland, OH | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | No | High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of traditional jobs; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Residential; Tourism; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | Do not know | Immediately | From the 1961-1990 period to the 1981-2010 period, the amount of precipitation falling during the heaviest 1% of rain events increased by 22%. This trend means more flooding, which will exacerbate a range of risks to Lake Erie, including harmful algal blooms, an increased number of combined sewer overflows, and declining beach health. Homes in Northeast Ohio will also experience increased rates of flooding.Due to consistent heavy precipitation over the previous year, water levels in Lake Erie and Cuyahoga River experienced record highs in June 2019. This is already having serious impacts on the fishing industry, water-related tourism, recreation, development, and more. | |
| 592 | Cities 2021 | 35860 | City of Dallas, TX | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Other, please specify: Drainage and Infrastructure; Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Dallas is located in the South-central Great Plains Region of North America, as defined in Chapter 23 of the 4th National Climate Assessment (NCA4) (2018), a 1,500 page two-part congressionally mandated report by the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). Droughts are historically common and can be severe. Water resources are critical for the health and prosperity of the City. As droughts become more frequent and more severe, the City must adapt and change to deal with the conditions. The City operates under a continuing Drought Contingency Plan, along with Long Range Water Supply Plan, and Water Conservation Plan to help mitigate extreme impacts. Both of these documents include future climatic conditions into the modeling used to develop the plan actions. | |
| 593 | Cities 2021 | 35860 | City of Dallas, TX | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | Medium High | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Other, please specify: Increased impacts to transportation and water supply infrastructure and increased mortality | Energy; Public health; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Transportation-limited; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Climate predictions in the 4th National Climate Assessment predict that that Dallas will see a drastic increase in the number days above 100 F. There are also long-term predictions that extreme summer temperatures may reach 120◦ F, with an increase of 30 to 60 “extreme heat days (temperatures over 100◦ F). In extreme heat, many outdoor operations become limited. Water supply, and transportation infrastructure is under stress, and the health of the community, particularly the old and young, is threatened. | |
| 594 | Cities 2021 | 35860 | City of Dallas, TX | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | Yes | Medium | Low | Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Public health; Residential | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Short-term (by 2025) | As conditions warm, diseases from warmer climates may become more prevalent in Dallas. Without cold winter weather, insects such as mosquitos will be more common and diseases carried by insects and other diseases will impact the community. | |
| 595 | Cities 2021 | 35860 | City of Dallas, TX | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Loss of Life; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Other, please specify: Increased Mortality, Disruptions to Transportation and other infrastructure; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Communities in low lying areas.; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Dallas is subject to periodic flooding. Flooding causes property damage in low-lying areas prone to flooding, and is increasingly in areas not previously identified as being flood prone. Severe flooding and flash flooding can result in mortality. Climate change will result in increased intensity and frequency of high-intensity rainfall events that can cause flooding. Dallas has invested in improvements to levees/ pumping systems and some local drainage systems to reduce the impacts of flooding; however, the City is now working to address the older local neighborhood drainage systems that remain vulnerable due to aging infrastructure, and capacity to reflect current land use. | |
| 596 | Cities 2021 | 35860 | City of Dallas, TX | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Transportation | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Communities in low lying areas.; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Short-term (by 2025) | The main stem of the Trinity River flows through Dallas. Along the Trinity River system upstream of Dallas, there are four large reservoirs used for water supply and flood control. In 2015, the region received the half the annual average rainfall within the period of one month (16.9 inches), with up to 30 inches occurring in the headwaters of the watershed, causing the upstream flood storage capacity to be simultaneously exceeded at all four reservoirs. This resulted in both localized flooding near the reservoirs, and uncontrolled discharge and flooding within the Trinity River floodway for an extended period. Dallas has an extensive levee system that protects a majority of the City population, and the central business district from this type of flooding. However, the outlying areas not protected by levees, and areas served by aging infrastructure remain vulnerable to riverine flood threat. | |
| 597 | Cities 2021 | 35860 | City of Dallas, TX | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Extreme cold temperature > Cold wave | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify: Energy grid failure and transportation | Commercial; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Industrial; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Other, please specify: Communities in low lying areas; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Short-term (by 2025) | The power grid in Texas relies on fossil fuels. During February 2021, while predicted, several of the thermal energy generation plants were inexplicably taken off-line for maintenance. During this event, most power generation facilities were adversely impacted, and the entire grid came very close to failure. The coal plants and gas supply were frozen; the cooling towers supporting nuclear generation froze; solar was covered in frozen precipitation; in addition, many of the wind turbines and gas plants were not retrofitted with the temperature safeguards that were recommended by the Energy Reliability Council of Texas after similar events in 2011 and 2015. With sub-freezing temperatures persisting over a week, the power grid was significantly impacted, and several hundred people across the state perished. The power grid was also off-grid during relatively mild temperatures in June 2021. Without sufficient investment in weatherization of the existing energy infrastructure, and or investment in microgrid, and storage, this will happen again. | |
| 598 | Cities 2021 | 35862 | City of Detroit, MI | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy; Public health; Residential | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Impact to vulnerable populations | |
| 599 | Cities 2021 | 35862 | City of Detroit, MI | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | No | High | High | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Substantial flooding happening in 2014, 2019, and recently in 2021. in the 2021 event, the rainfall overwhelmed the combined storm and sanitary capacity and delivered up to 7 feet of water into basements through the drains. Floods in 2014 caused an estimated $1.8 billion in damages. An estimated 75,000 homes were impacted. The June floods are expected to impact more households. | |
| 600 | Cities 2021 | 35862 | City of Detroit, MI | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Extreme cold temperature > Extreme cold days | Medium | Do not know | Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy | Increasing | Impact to vulnerable populations |
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The dataset contains 2021 data on cities' climate hazards, reported by cities through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System in response to question 2.1 (" Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity.") in the 2021 Cities questionnaire. View cities questionnaire guidance at https://www.cdp.net/en/guidance/guidance-for-cities. Please contact cities@cdp.net if you have any questions.
This data is collected through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System. When using this data, please cite both organisations using the following wording: ‘This data was collected in partnership by CDP and ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability’.
For further guidance on how to reference this data for use in external publications, please refer to the Open Data Portal Terms of Use available on the homepage.
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