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2021 Cities Climate Hazards
| Row number | Questionnaire Name | Account Number | Account Name | Country | CDP Region | ParentSection | Section | Question Number | Question Name | RowNumber | RowName | Climate Hazards | Did this hazard significantly impact your city before 2021? | Current probability of hazard | Current magnitude of hazard | Social impact of hazard overall | Most relevant assets / services affected overall | Please identify which vulnerable populations are affected | Future change in frequency | Future change in intensity | Future expected magnitude of hazard | When do you first expect to experience those changes in frequency and intensity? | Please describe the impacts experienced so far, and how you expect the hazard to impact in the future |
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| 701 | Cities 2021 | 35894 | Ville de Montreal, QC | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | Do not know | Medium | Other, please specify: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal operations | Increasing | Increasing | Periods of extreme heat cause people thermal stress, meaning cramps, fainting and heatstroke, which results in many hospitalizations. Extreme heat may even aggravate individuals’ frail condition and cause premature deaths. In the past 30 years, heat waves have been responsible for over 400 deaths in the Montréal agglomeration. Heat waves can also exacerbate the impacts of atmospheric pollution, aggravate health problems and restrict the practice of outdoor activities and sports. Vegetation is also vulnerable to heat waves, because extreme heat induces shocks, such as water stress, that can lead to illnesses; in turn, these problems increase the need for preventive maintenance and treatment. Heat waves, even brief ones, can diminish the populations of many insects. This may be positive in the case of harmful species, but unwanted in the case of species such as pollinators. The aquatic environment may also suffer during heat waves since heat waves give rise to cyanobacteria blooms. Extreme temperatures can affect or weaken the agglomeration’s infrastructures by impacting roads and arteries. Roadways that are heavily travelled and used by heavy vehicles may soften, deform and produce ruts under the weight of these vehicles. Extreme temperatures can also cause premature damages to structures’ expansion joints. Finally, heat waves often give rise to an increased demand for certain services, such as the use of swimming pools, wading pools and splash pads, and the extension of the business hours of airconditioned public buildings such as libraries and community centres.Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, Service des grands parcs, du verdissement et du Mont Royal (Large Parks, Greening and Mont Royal Service), Service de la mise en valeur du territoire (Land Development Service), City of Montréal (19 boroughs) and the 15 related cities are affected. | |||||
| 702 | Cities 2021 | 35894 | Ville de Montreal, QC | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Do not know | Medium | Other, please specify: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal operations | None | Increasing | The impacts of droughts are mainly related to the settling of foundations, sidewalks, road surfaces and sewer lines that may occur when clay soils dry up. Droughts in urban settings mainly affect water quality due to a rise in temperature, a decline in dissolved oxygen concentrations, cyanobacteria blooms, eutrophication and an increased concentration of some pollutants. Droughts are also a source of water stress for plants, and may even kill them should the drought be a long one. This stress can also increase trees’ vulnerability to pests and pathogens. Drought periods are often accompanied by extreme heat that affects the level of air pollutants, such as dust and particles, as well as pollen, which is more easily airborne. The increase in airborne pollutants is believed to exacerbate the symptoms of respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses and contribute to degrading the health of people who are already frail. The operational impacts of drought particularly affect drinking water production and distribution networks. The increased demand for water can result in too much pressure on water treatment and purification equipment. Equipment’s adduction ability can also be impaired if water levels are very low, thus restricting the capacity of water production plants. Lastly, when there is limited rainfall, more street cleaning operations are required for streets to remain clean.Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, Service de l'eau (Water service), Service de la mise en valeur du territoire (Land Development Service), City of Montréal (19 boroughs) and the 15 related cities are affected. | ||||||
| 703 | Cities 2021 | 35894 | Ville de Montreal, QC | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | Do not know | Medium Low | Other, please specify: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal operations | Increasing | Do not know | Whenever the flow rate or level of a river exceeds a critical threshold, the river overflows, causing a flood. In an urban setting, floods result in damages to the built environment and especially to buildings located in floodplains. They also impact sewer systems. In a flood, the sewer systems may saturate more quickly, resulting in backedup sewers in buildings. Heavy floods may weaken overtaxed infrastructures and damage them. Spring floods may also cause damage to underground utilities (electricity, telephone, Internet, and so forth), which can lead to service outages. Also, floods cause premature erosion and destabilization of riverbanks. Eroded riverbanks drag sediment into the water, which may affect water quality. Spring floods also impact the health of the populations affected. Not only can they bring about gastrointestinal illnesses when people are in direct contact with flood waters, they can cause psychological trauma to people who incur major material losses. Moreover, flooded basements are subject to the proliferation of mould, which can result in serious health issues such as asthma and allergic reactions. Floods in an urban environment can make it more difficult to move around, close sections of roadways and slow down traffic. Tunnels and viaducts may be submerged, causing traffic problems and even endangering the lives of people trapped in their vehicles. Lastly, river floods require a major mobilization of the teams responsible for implementing emergency response measures.Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, 5 boroughs of the City of Montréal (Ahuntsic Cartierville, Îles-Bizard-Sainte-Geneviève, Montréal-Nord, Pierrefonds-Roxboro, Rivières-des-Pariries-Pointe-aux-Trembles) and two related cities (Senneville and Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue) are affected. | |||||
| 704 | Cities 2021 | 35894 | Ville de Montreal, QC | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Storm and wind > Severe wind | Do not know | Medium | Other, please specify: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal operations | Increasing | Increasing | Other hazard: destructive stormsStrong winds, freezing rain, hail and heavy snowfalls can all result in damages and wear on infrastructures and vegetation, which mainly consist of falling trees and branches, and damages to roofs or other components of the building envelope. Strong wind bursts can tear up or lift off certain elements of a house, for example its roof. Flying debris may hit and damage windows, window displays and façades, in addition to being a hazard for pedestrians. Heavy snowfalls and freezing rain can overload a roof structure and inflict damages. Storm disaster victims may suffer from psychological trauma. Destructive storms may also cause power outages. When outages occur in winter, citizens may have to leave their homes in search of warmth; in the home, they may suffer from carbon monoxide poisoning if they use heating or cooking devices indoors that are designed for outdoor use. Other direct consequences of power outages include the stoppage of home medical equipment and an increase in food poisoning when refrigerators and freezers stop working. The damages inflicted on lights or traffic signs, as well as the snow, ice or debris on the ground, can disrupt road traffic and pedestrian movement. The environmental impacts of destructive storms in an urban milieu mainly affect the vegetation, particularly in terms of uprooting trees or breaking their trunks and branches, which renders them more vulnerable to insects and diseases. Destructive storms increase pressure on service teams providing road maintenance (snow removal and road salting), tree maintenance and first response.Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, 19 boroughs of the City of Montréal and 15 related cities as well as Service de l'eau (Water Service) are affected. | ||||||
| 705 | Cities 2021 | 35894 | Ville de Montreal, QC | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Yes | Do not know | Medium Low | Other, please specify | Increasing | Increasing | Other hazard: higher average temperatures. Higher average temperatures have an impact on different seasons. They cause a longer summer and a shorter winter, among other things, which in turn have repercussions on various parameters related to climate.The effects of higher average temperatures on the built environment are mainly observed in the wintertime. The increased number of freezethaw cycles entails an accelerated deterioration of the roadway system (potholes). It also accelerates wear on bridges, tunnels and overpasses. Higher average temperatures also impact the growth rate and geographical distribution of some harmful insect species , which may result in more frequent infestations frequencies and intensified damages to plants. An increase of a few degrees can generate drastic changes in plant biology, which may alter species’ distribution areas and could stimulate the growth of undesirable plant species. Plant pathogens are also more likely to survive milder winters, which favour the expansion of their distribution area. Pathogenic species that cannot survive in current conditions could eventually attack plants in our region. Higher average summer temperatures could extend allergenic plants’ pollen production season, which can result in greater health problems for people who have allergies. The increase in average temperatures is also causing a northward migration of vectorborne pathogen animal populations; in recent years, we have observed an increase in the occurrence of Lyme disease and West Nile virus (WNV).Four categories of impacts have been identified, which includes many assets/services selection, but that have not been prioritized in terms of assets/services affected: the built environment, the population, the natural environment and municipal activities. For example, Service des grands parcs, du verdissement et du Mont Royal (Parks Service), Service des infrastructures, de la voirie et des transports (infrastructure, roads and transport Service), City of Montréal (19 boroughs) and the 15 related cities are affected. | ||||||
| 706 | Cities 2021 | 35897 | Municipality of Campinas | Brazil | Latin America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Aumento da incidência de doenças; desconforto térmico nas populações sem condições de dispositivos de mitigação; impactos na agricultura. | |
| 707 | Cities 2021 | 35897 | Municipality of Campinas | Brazil | Latin America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Waste management | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Aumento de casos de doenças transmitidas por vetores. | |
| 708 | Cities 2021 | 35897 | Municipality of Campinas | Brazil | Latin America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | Medium High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Industrial; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Women & girls | Decreasing | Decreasing | Medium | Immediately | Maior probabilidade de inundações; impacto na produção agrícola; perdas materiais, problemas no transporte público e privado. | |
| 709 | Cities 2021 | 35897 | Municipality of Campinas | Brazil | Latin America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Migration from rural areas to cities | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Maior probabilidade de queimadas e incêndios florestais; aumento da incidência de doenças respiratórias; impacto na produção agrícola; falta de abastecimento de água. | |
| 710 | Cities 2021 | 35897 | Municipality of Campinas | Brazil | Latin America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Residential; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Women & girls | Decreasing | Decreasing | Medium | Immediately | Maior probabilidade de inundações; impacto na produção agrícola; perdas materiais, problemas no transporte público e privado. | |
| 711 | Cities 2021 | 35897 | Municipality of Campinas | Brazil | Latin America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Wild fire > Land fire | Yes | Medium High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health | Children & youth; Elderly | None | None | High | Immediately | Maior probabilidade de queimadas e incêndios florestais; aumento da incidência de doenças respiratórias; impacto na produção agrícola. | |
| 712 | Cities 2021 | 35897 | Municipality of Campinas | Brazil | Latin America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Mass movement > Landslide | Yes | Low | Low | Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Residential; Waste management | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Decreasing | Decreasing | Low | Immediately | Deslizamento de terra em áreas de risco com ocupação irregular de moradias. | |
| 713 | Cities 2021 | 35898 | Greater Manchester | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | No | Medium Low | Medium Low | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Education; Emergency services; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Although heat waves and extreme hot days are extremely rare in GM in the present day, climate change projections indicate that they will become more common in the future. indeed, in the period 1945-1969 there were 2 heat stress incidents in GM. this rose to 10 in the period 1994-2017. as part of the GM Critical infrastructure risk assessment, using projected climate change (developed under the EcoCities project) for a 2050’s high GHG emissions scenario, projections suggest:-summer mean daily maximum temperature: + 5.6°C- Warmest day in summer: + 6°C- Warmest night in summer: + 4.4°C It is important to note that there is a geographic element to this hazard. Under the Ecocities project (Cavan 2010) 3 climate zones were defined for GM. The increases of heat stress (and max temp) is most prevalent for GM’s Mersey Basin zone. This increases the risk of negative impacts linked to high temperatures, such as negative health effects and reductions in the productivity of employees. this is particularly important due to economic activity concentrated in the city region core (and the Mersey basin zone) and the prevalence of vulnerable groups (deprived, health impacted, young and elderly) in the spatial locations projected to suffer the worse increases as well as urban heat island effect as a forcing factor on top.Therefore, the spatial pattern of GM’s urban heat island demonstrates that certain areas, generally those where development density is at its highest, are more likely to suffer from negative impacts as a result. There is also an equality dimension to heat stress. For example, looking at GM’s housing development types, there is greater potential exposure to heat stress in more deprived areas. In effect, groups that are vulnerable to heat stress, due to factors including poverty and poor health, show the highest potential exposure to this climate change impact. | |
| 714 | Cities 2021 | 35898 | Greater Manchester | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | Medium Low | Medium Low | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Education; Emergency services; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Do not know | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Although heat waves and extreme hot days are extremely rare in GM in the present day, climate change projections indicate that they will become more common in the future. Indeed, in the period 1945-1969 there were 2 heat stress incidents in GM, this rose to 10 in the period 1994-2017. As part of the GM Critical infrastructure risk assessment, using projected climate change (developed under the EcoCities project) for a 2050’s high GHG emissions scenario, projections suggest:-summer mean daily maximum temperature: + 5.6°C- Warmest day in summer: + 6°C- Warmest night in summer: + 4.4°C It is important to note that there is a geographic element to this hazard. Under the Ecocities project (Cavan 2010) 3 climate zones were defined for GM. The increases of heat stress (and max temp) is most prevalent for GM’s Mersey Basin zone. This increases the risk of negative impacts linked to high temperatures, such as negative health effects and reductions in the productivity of employees. this is particularly important due to economic activity concentrated in the city region core (and the Mersey basin zone) and the prevalence of vulnerable groups (deprived, health impacted, young and elderly) in the spatial locations projected to suffer the worse increases as well as urban heat island effect as a forcing factor on top.Therefore, the spatial pattern of GM’s urban heat island demonstrates that certain areas, generally those where development density is at its highest, are more likely to suffer from negative impacts as a result. There is also an equality dimension to heat stress. For example, looking at GM’s housing development types, there is greater potential exposure to heat stress in more deprived areas. In effect, groups that are vulnerable to heat stress, due to factors including poverty and poor health, show the highest potential exposure to this climate change impact. | |
| 715 | Cities 2021 | 35898 | Greater Manchester | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Information & communications technology; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons | Increasing | Increasing | High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Flooding stands out as one of the key weather and climate threats to the conurbation, not just in the future but also in the present day. Indeed, evidence from the EcoCities project suggests that flooding has been the most prominent hazard facing GM over recent decades, and that surface water flooding is superseding fluvial flooding (from main rivers) as the most common type of event (Carter and Lawson 2011). Indeed, pluvial flooding now dominates, accounting for 50% of all floods since 1994.Within the GM Critical infrastructure risk assessment, which looked at 2050’s high GHG emissions scenario for GM’s Mersey Basin zone. Change is from 1961-1990 at 90th percentile) for this GM climate Zones (defined under the Ecocities project, Cavan 2010), under this emissions scenario, we expect the following hazard increases which will intensify the pluvial / flash flood risk by:Precipitation on wettest day in winter: + 31%- Precipitation on wettest day in summer: + 19%- Winter mean precipitation: +28%- Annual mean precipitation: +9% In addition to the damage flooding causes to buildings and infrastructure, flooding also brings knock-on secondary impacts which must be recognised. One example is the effect of flood damage to people’s homes, and the subsequent psychological stress that this can cause to flood victims. | |
| 716 | Cities 2021 | 35898 | Greater Manchester | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Storm and wind > Severe wind | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Information & communications technology; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Do not know | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Disruption and short term problems associated with damage to infrastructure or problems with movement (including mobilisation of emergency response). There could be risk to health due to dangers of high winds. This could be compounded by disruption to the wider energy and ICT networks. This, alongside combinations of high wind events with higher rainfall could see this hazard impact combine with more frequent and higher risk fluvial and pluvial flood risks identified above. | |
| 717 | Cities 2021 | 35898 | Greater Manchester | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of traditional jobs | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Information & communications technology; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Floodings stand out as one of the key weather and climate threats to the conurbation, not just in the future but also in the present day. Indeed, evidence from the EcoCities project suggests that flooding has been the most prominent hazard facing GM over recent decades, and that surface water flooding is superseding fluvial flooding (from main rivers) as the most common type of event (Carter and Lawson 2011). Although fluvial flooding is relatively uncommon in GM, given the location of key assets and infrastructures within Flood Zones and the high consequences of related impacts should they occur, the associated risks remain high. Indeed GM is already seeing an intensification in its fluvial flood hazard. With 17 river flood events in the 1945-1969 period rising to 27 in the 1994-2017 period. Again this is a hazard GM projects to increase in intensity and risk. Within the GM Critical infrastructure risk assessment, which looked at 2050’s high GHG emissions scenario for GM’s Mersey Basin zone. Change is from 1961-1990 at 90th percentile) for this GM climate Zones (defined under the Ecocities project, Cavan 2010), under this emissions scenario, we expect the following hazard increases which will intensify the pluvial / flash flood risk by:Precipitation on wettest day in winter: + 31%- Precipitation on wettest day in summer: + 19%- Winter mean precipitation: +28%- Annual mean precipitation: +9% In addition to the damage flooding causes to buildings and infrastructure, flooding also brings knock-on secondary impacts which must be recognised. One example is the effect of flood damage to people’s homes, and the subsequent psychological stress that this can cause flood victims. | |
| 718 | Cities 2021 | 35898 | Greater Manchester | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Wild fire > Land fire | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for public services | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Tourism | Other, please specify: Wildfire risk in GM is mainly upland and lowland peat areas. These tend to be in the rural fringe/watershed areas so will impact local communities and recreational/economic users of land and wider impacts on air quality, health and transport | Increasing | Increasing | Do not know | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Significant peatland wildfires have been occurring in the upland areas around GM, with 2018 an extreme year. Acerbated by land management practices, earlier drying of peatland and accidental/deliberate setting of fires, the impact of this hazard is expected to increase affecting land access, local health (air quality) and potentially risk to property (low) | |
| 719 | Cities 2021 | 35898 | Greater Manchester | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | Medium High | Medium | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Energy; Food & agriculture; Information & communications technology; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | With surface water flooding events increasing in frequency in GM, and climate change projections threatening a rise in intense downpours, attention needs to be paid to protecting people, buildings and infrastructure from the associated consequences | |
| 720 | Cities 2021 | 35903 | Le Grand Casablanca | Morocco | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Chemical change > Atmospheric CO2 concentrations | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Transport; Waste management | Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Short-term (by 2025) | Impacts sur l'état de l'environnement qui dégrade la qualité de vie des gens, et mènent à beaucoup de problèmes sociaux. | |
| 721 | Cities 2021 | 35903 | Le Grand Casablanca | Morocco | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Biological hazards > Air-borne disease | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health | Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Les maladies véhiculées par l'air sont nombreux vu la situation actuelle, et ce pour la raison de non homogénéité de territoire, et la croissance démographique énorme dans la ville. | |
| 722 | Cities 2021 | 35903 | Le Grand Casablanca | Morocco | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Population displacement | Public health; Society / community & culture | Other, please specify: Tout le monde | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | rareté des ressources en eau (plusieurs années de sécheresse) | |
| 723 | Cities 2021 | 35904 | Kolkata Metropolitan Area | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Storm and wind > Cyclone (Hurricane / Typhoon) | Yes | High | Low | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Energy; Transport | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Do not know | Increasing | High | A report by the Inter Agency Group on historical occurrences of tropical cyclones indicates that Kolkata Metropolitan Area has been hit 11 times by severe cyclonic storms between 1977 and 2011. The intensity and size has of the storms have also increased. | ||
| 724 | Cities 2021 | 35904 | Kolkata Metropolitan Area | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Extreme Precipitation > Monsoon | Yes | High | Low | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Energy; Public health; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Do not know | Increasing | High | The average rainfall in Kolkata Metropolitan Area has increased from approximately 1510mm in 1901 to 1750mm in 2011. A comparison of 10 yearly blocks between1972 and 2011 shows that the average rainfall has increased considerably between 1992 and 2011.The rainfall has also been erratic in the same period. Although the total number of recorded heavy rainfall incidences is 78, with mean of 2.2 per year, there have been considerable variations, with some years having none and others having six. | ||
| 725 | Cities 2021 | 35904 | Kolkata Metropolitan Area | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Energy; Food & agriculture; Public health | Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | High | The climate of Kolkata Metropolitan Area is considered to be tropical wet and dry, with an annual mean temperature of 28.3°C.Over the last 63 years instances of daily maximum temperature exceeding 40°C have increased ; the pre-monsoon season. Mean annual maximum temperature (31.2°C) is projected to increase by between 1.0-1.6°C by mid-century and by 1.7-3.3°C by end-century.Maximum temperature in Kolkata was recorded 39.5°C during June 2019. Temperature increase will be more in winter. With rise in local temperatures, there is likely to be an accompanying rise in illnesses and deaths that will occur as a direct result of an increase in severe heat waves and lightening strike has also significantly increased in recent years. | ||
| 726 | Cities 2021 | 35904 | Kolkata Metropolitan Area | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | High | Medium | Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Food & agriculture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | Kolkata Municipal Corporation, the most important ULB in Kolkata Metropolitan Area, is currently ranked as the third most vulnerable city in the world from coastal flooding. Kolkata Metropolitan Area’s slums are highly vulnerable to floods and cyclones because of poor construction materials, weak social structures and their vulnerable locations. Some are located in highly vulnerable zones that were previously low-lying wetlands surrounded by vast water bodies into which sewage flows from the city. | |||
| 727 | Cities 2021 | 35904 | Kolkata Metropolitan Area | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Chemical change > Atmospheric CO2 concentrations | High | Medium | Commercial; Public health; Residential | Increasing | Increasing | Kolkata Municipal Corporation, the most important ULB in Kolkata Metropolitan Area is the fifth highest amongst major cities in India emitting 14.8 million tons of greenhouse gases (GHG)I. It is also the second highest contributor in terms of per capita CO2 emission producing 3.29 tons of CO2 per capita. Emissions in Kolkata Metropolitan Area are projected to increase by some 54% by 2025 based on 2014 level. Around 70% of Kolkata’s 15 million inhabitants suffer from some form of respiratory problems caused by pollution from the city’s transport sector. | ||||||
| 728 | Cities 2021 | 35904 | Kolkata Metropolitan Area | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Mass movement > Subsidence | Medium | Low | Water supply & sanitation | Increasing | Increasing | 53% of the boroughs with in Kolkata municipal Corporation show a groundwater level decline of 0.13 metres per year or greater. | ||||||
| 729 | Cities 2021 | 35904 | Kolkata Metropolitan Area | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | Medium High | High | Public health; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitation | Increasing | Increasing | With rise in local temperatures, there is likely to be an accompanying rise in illnesses and deaths that will occur as a direct result of an increase in severe heat waves. Due to Maximum temperature in Kolkata Metropolitan Area was recorded between 41.1°C and 41.5°C during April and May 20.14Vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue as well as respiratory diseases due to increasing pollution levels, are expected to rise in the city. | ||||||
| 730 | Cities 2021 | 35904 | Kolkata Metropolitan Area | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 8 | Chemical change > Salt water intrusion | Medium | Medium | Water supply & sanitation | Increasing | Increasing | |||||||
| 731 | Cities 2021 | 35905 | Corporation of Chennai | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Other, please specify | Energy; Information & communications technology; Transport | Elderly; Low-income households; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Many areas of the city adjoining the river banks are particularly vulnerable. The city administration has provided and relocated much of the vulnerable population by providing housing and other ameneties. | |
| 732 | Cities 2021 | 35907 | Bangalore | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 0 | |||||||||||||
| 733 | Cities 2021 | 35910 | Pune Municipal Corporation | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Monsoon | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand | Emergency services; Public health | Low-income households | Do not know | Do not know | Do not know | Short-term (by 2025) | ||
| 734 | Cities 2021 | 35912 | Surat Municipal Corporation | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth | Increasing | Do not know | Medium Low | Short-term (by 2025) | Flooding has been a recurrent event, however. The city has records of floods going back to 1869, and on average the city flooded every two and a half years between 1869 and 1884. Flood frequency fell between 1949 and 1979 when the average natural flood occurrence was once every four years. Since 1979, there have been five major floods (1979, 1990, 1994, 1998, and 2006), and the floods of 2006 inundated 75 percent of the city area with a very high cost to the population, the city economy, and the municipal corporation (running to several hundred billion rupees). Around 150 people are officially estimated to have lost their lives; unofficial estimates suggest that the death toll may have been more than 500. | |
| 735 | Cities 2021 | 35912 | Surat Municipal Corporation | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | Medium | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Education; Energy; Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | Heatwaves increase energy use in buildings, contribute to higher ozone levels, can be potential causes for brownouts which lead to increased levels of PM 2.5 and PM 10 and lead to heat-related illnesses/death. Increased energy usage also means increased water usage for energy production at power plants. | |
| 736 | Cities 2021 | 35912 | Surat Municipal Corporation | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Public health; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth | Decreasing | Do not know | Medium | Short-term (by 2025) | Vector-Borne Diseases Control Department (Formerly known as Filaria Malaria Department) is working for as its name, control of vector-borne diseases like Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Filaria, etc. in Surat city. All the above diseases are mosquito-borne and Surat city has favorable climatic conditions to profound its effect on the life cycle of a mosquito and the development of malaria parasite, So a major focus of activity of Department is to control mosquitoes and parasite of malaria in the community. The important factors are temperature and humidity, which are also ideal to speed up the disease dynamics. Vector-Borne Diseases Control Department of Surat Municipal Corporation has taken meticulous actions on top priority to prevent and control Vector-Borne Diseases (VBD) in Surat city. | |
| 737 | Cities 2021 | 35912 | Surat Municipal Corporation | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Flood and sea level rise > Permanent inundation | Do not know | Medium | Medium High | Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Migration from rural areas to cities; Population displacement | Commercial; Education; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Land use planning; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Women & girls | Do not know | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | With the unpredictable growth of the city, GHG emission is also produced more and more day by day except for Covid19,2006 floods like disasters in the city will reduce GHG emission but in the normal situation, no one has an idea about it. People of India are less concerned about GHG emission, Climate Change, Global warming, Sea Level Rise, or any disaster preparedness. But due to all these ignoring is impacting on Temperature, Sea level, and extreme events rising day by day in the country and contributors are urban areas. Surat has also been experiencing sea-level rise (SLR). Since August 2018 high tide level is increasing day by day and that clear alarm for the sea level rising. The seacoast area like Dumas, Hazira, and other villages of the district have felt the impact of SLR. Now tidewater is coming to the house in dumas and for stopping that water sea wall has constructed. But still encroachment of Hazira industries also one of the parameters to increase the tidewater level. The city will lose many areas like Dumas, Sultanabad, Bhimpore, Airport, Vesu, Hazira, Pal, Bhatha, Bhatpore, Ichhapore, Palanpore, Pal, Adajan, New Rander Road, Athwalines, and many more areas in near future to 2100 by various meters of the level of tidewater. Most of the manufacturing giants of Hazira will be underwater and most of the textile processing houses of Udhana, Pandesara, etc. also will in the water in the next 80 years as per the climate central organization This will create a frequent coastal flood every year of monsoon or high tide time. Due to this sea-level rise saltwater intrusion is also a major issue for groundwater availability and water crises will be there. | |
| 738 | Cities 2021 | 35912 | Surat Municipal Corporation | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Decreasing | Decreasing | Medium | Short-term (by 2025) | This type of river flood is caused by the two streams passing through the southern part of the city. These river floods are more frequent but cause comparatively less damage. While not causing severe impacts now, the Khadi floods can be expected to impact significant sections of the population living on the stream banks. These two streams flood during heavy local rains and can cause serious damage to settlements located near their banks. This happened in 2004, 2005,2007, and 2013. In the 2004 floods, nearly 400,000 people were affected; there was also a power failure lasting two days, water supply lines were disrupted for a week and many city neighborhoods were inaccessible for two days. With the change in future tidal conditions and increased population growth (especially poorer sections of the population) along the tidal creaks will be at high risk. | |
| 739 | Cities 2021 | 35912 | Surat Municipal Corporation | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Education; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Surat lies 13 meters above sea level and its climate is classified as tropical and humid. The temperatures range from 25°C to 38°C. Monsoon begins in June and lasts until the end of September, with an average temperature of around 28 degrees Celsius during those months. Surat temperature as per the world weather data maximum temperature of city has fluctuated during 2009 to 2014 then after the temperature has increased by 1 degree continuous. Due to 1-degree Celsius hike heatwave and increasing of hot days has been experienced by the citizen at large since 2015 to till date and due to this degree Celsius, many other climatic issues also felt by the city at large on socio-economic sectors. | |
| 740 | Cities 2021 | 35912 | Surat Municipal Corporation | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Chemical change > Salt water intrusion | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Surat, the ninth-largest city in India, is located along the coast in south Gujarat and extends about 50 km between the areas of Dumas, Olpad, Suvali, and Kathor. Since the 1970s, over-pumping of groundwater to meet Surat’s drinking water supply needs has led to seawater intrusion of the well fields located in alluvial formations (CGWB 2007). Furthermore, the well fields, which were located closer to the coast, were rendered unusable because of seawater intrusion. In addition, an increase in the number of bore wells has resulted in groundwater levels decreasing at a considerable rate. Although various point and nonpoint sources of pollution have contributed to the degradation of the region’s groundwater, the primary cause of declining groundwater quality is seawater intrusion and its associated effects. | |
| 741 | Cities 2021 | 35913 | City of Nairobi | Kenya | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Residential | Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Informal human settlements along the rivers traversing the city are periodically washed down, flooding episodes in the city through flash floods whenever it rains which impacts transport and communication lines. | |
| 742 | Cities 2021 | 35913 | City of Nairobi | Kenya | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Biological hazards > Water-borne disease | Yes | High | High | Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Energy; Industrial; Public health; Residential; Tourism; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Outbreaks do occur particularly in the poorly drained informal settlements | |
| 743 | Cities 2021 | 35913 | City of Nairobi | Kenya | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Industrial; Public health; Residential; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Short-term (by 2025) | Vulnerable groups, especially the poor living in informal settlements have been adversely affected. | |
| 744 | Cities 2021 | 35914 | Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation | India | South and West Asia | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium Low | Does not currently impact the city | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions | Information & communications technology; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Women & girls | Do not know | Do not know | Do not know | Medium-term (2026-2050) | The Telangana Government has launched Disaster Response Force (DRF) vehicles in Hyderabad to combat situations like flash floods, heavy rains, building collapse and fire mishaps.The vehicles will be parked at 24 locations with Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) DRF staff and will be pressed into action at the time of need.The Director, EV&DM will be responsible for the activities of the Disaster Management Wing and will work under the direct control and supervision of the Commissioner, GHMC.The Disaster Response Team came into existence from 13th March 2018. Multi-disciplinary Teams with trained personnel equipped with multi utility customized vehicles have been established and stationed at strategic locations to attend disasters/emergencies with a sense of emergency and in a rapid manner. (LMV teams –8 No’s, Trucks – 11 No’s). World class infrastructure facility on par with NDRF training centre has been developed at Fatullaguda, Nagole for providing time to time training to DRF personnel. About 300 Members of workforce were trained in rescue methods and operating rescue machinery such as dewatering pumps, tree cutting chain saws, Fire-Extinguishing Methods, Medical first aid, Building collapse- rescue and other machinery. As part of its long term plans to avoid flooding and development of nalas in the city, the State Government has set up Strategic Nala Development Plan (SNDP), an exclusive wing in the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) to execute related works.The SNDP wing will be responsible for planning, developing and maintaining comprehensive storm water drainage or nala system in the city, with the overall objective of mitigating the adversities on account of heavy rains or urban floods in future, the order said. The wing will, to begin with, study the existing nala/ stormwater drainage system, and identify critical narrow points, encroachments on nalas, besides studying the sewerage trunk mains and feeder channels into River Musi, before submitting a report to take up all works in mission mode, the order said. It will function directly under the Commissioner, GHMC, while also coordinating with other officials from Irrigation department. | |
| 745 | Cities 2021 | 35993 | Singapore Government | Singapore | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | Does not currently impact the city | Does not currently impact the city | Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Water supply & sanitation | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | In 2015, the Water Resources Institute ranked Singapore as one of the most water-stressed countries in the world. By 2040, Singapore will be one of eight countries most vulnerable to disruptions in water supply. Singapore has limited space to harvest and store rainwater. Our water demand is set to double by 2060, and the current water supply agreement with Malaysia will expire in 2061. Climate change may also exacerbate the frequency and severity of floods and droughts, and impact the quality of stormwater runoff. | ||
| 746 | Cities 2021 | 35993 | Singapore Government | Singapore | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Public health; Society / community & culture | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Phase 1 of our Second National Climate Change Study projected that temperatures in Singapore could rise by up to 4.6°C towards the last few decades of the century; translating to a future mean temperature of 32.0°C. Unusually warm temperatures we encounter occasionally today could become the norm in the future and days with record temperatures above those experienced historically will also become more frequent. All days between February to May could have maximum temperatures above 34.1°C. Due to the high levels of humidity, such projected temperature rises could lead to an increase in thermal discomfort. | |
| 747 | Cities 2021 | 35993 | Singapore Government | Singapore | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Water supply & sanitation | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | In 2015, the Water Resources Institute ranked Singapore as one of the most water-stressed countries in the world. By 2040, Singapore will be one of eight countries most vulnerable to disruptions in water supply. Singapore has limited space to harvest and store rainwater. Our water demand is set to double by 2060, and the current water supply agreement with Malaysia will expire in 2061. Climate change may also exacerbate the frequency and severity of floods and droughts, and impact the quality of stormwater runoff. | ||
| 748 | Cities 2021 | 35993 | Singapore Government | Singapore | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Storm and wind > Storm surge | Yes | Medium High | Medium | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Water supply & sanitation | Increasing | None | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | By 2100, sea levels are expected to rise by more than 1 metre in Singapore due to climate change. As a low-lying city surrounded by the sea, with about 30% of the island less than 5 metres above mean sea level, Singapore is vulnerable to the effects of rising sea levels. | ||
| 749 | Cities 2021 | 35993 | Singapore Government | Singapore | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Public health; Society / community & culture | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | The increase in temperature and rainfall is expected to increase the vector/pest population and transmission. An increase in temperature is expected to reduce the duration of development of vectors/pests, such that there will be an increase in population that leads to high transmission all year round or increased force of infection. Moreover, the biting rate of mosquitoes is expected to increase while the replication time of pathogens is expected to shorten. Thus, this would lead to an increase in transmission of vector-borne disease, in particular dengue. Finally, there is also an increased risk of new pathogen(s) being established under a hotter climate. The study has also projected that there is an increasing trend in rainfall, particularly during the wetter season. An increase in intermittent rainfall may create more mosquito larval habitats and increase mosquito population. | |
| 750 | Cities 2021 | 36002 | Ville de Kinshasa | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Africa | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | High | High | Energy; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Increasing | Increasing | Les pliues torrentielles provoquent les inondations, la canicule provoque les AVC et la mort, les inondations provoquent les marais et dans les marais qu'on retrouvent les anophè anophèles qui provoquent le paludisme, le secheresse provoque la diminution d'eau et les barrages sont affectués d'où le delestage du courant, les pluies torrentielles provoque la destruction des ouvrages(édifice, routes, maisons etc, torrentielles affectent les ouvrages qui sont détruis,il y a perturbation de l'approvisionnement en eau |
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The dataset contains 2021 data on cities' climate hazards, reported by cities through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System in response to question 2.1 (" Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity.") in the 2021 Cities questionnaire. View cities questionnaire guidance at https://www.cdp.net/en/guidance/guidance-for-cities. Please contact cities@cdp.net if you have any questions.
This data is collected through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System. When using this data, please cite both organisations using the following wording: ‘This data was collected in partnership by CDP and ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability’.
For further guidance on how to reference this data for use in external publications, please refer to the Open Data Portal Terms of Use available on the homepage.
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