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2021 Cities Climate Hazards
| Row number | Questionnaire Name | Account Number | Account Name | Country | CDP Region | ParentSection | Section | Question Number | Question Name | RowNumber | RowName | Climate Hazards | Did this hazard significantly impact your city before 2021? | Current probability of hazard | Current magnitude of hazard | Social impact of hazard overall | Most relevant assets / services affected overall | Please identify which vulnerable populations are affected | Future change in frequency | Future change in intensity | Future expected magnitude of hazard | When do you first expect to experience those changes in frequency and intensity? | Please describe the impacts experienced so far, and how you expect the hazard to impact in the future |
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| 951 | Cities 2021 | 43912 | City of Edmonton, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | This impact is specific to urban flooding due to inadequate drainage capacity - and is defined as precipitation that creates a hazardous and intense short-duration rainfall in the urban environment, resulting in overland or more localized flash flooding conditions. For Edmonton's VRA, this was specifically defined as 80 mm of rainfall during an event, with the majority (>40 mm) occurring in a short period (<2 hrs).High intensity rainfalls can overwhelm stormwater management infrastructure and cause flooding of streets, homes, and commercial property. The consequences for the built environment can be significant; and include damage to buildings and contents, with potential economic impacts to affected businesses. If drainage infrastructure is damaged, or malfunctions, consequences for low-lying roads and underpasses can be severe, causing major transport disruptions. Injuries and even fatalities on affected routes are possible. Clean-up costs can be significant. In areas of the city with combined water and sewer and systems, intense rainfall can overwhelm the sewage treatment system and cause sewage backup into homes, as well as the release of untreated sewage into the North Saskatchewan River. No specific vulnerable populations were identified. | |
| 952 | Cities 2021 | 43912 | City of Edmonton, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 8 | Wild fire > Land fire | No | Do not know | Do not know | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health | Low-income households | Increasing | Increasing | Do not know | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Edmonton has not experienced losses due to wildfire, however it is expected that increasing annual temperatures and future drought conditions will increase the risk of wildfires in the city. The tree stands in the river valley and other natural areas may be susceptible to losses from wildfire, and there is potential risk to buildings adjacent to these areas. | |
| 953 | Cities 2021 | 43912 | City of Edmonton, AB | Canada | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 9 | Wild fire > Land fire | No | Do not know | Do not know | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households | Increasing | Increasing | Do not know | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Edmonton has not experienced losses due to wildfire, however it is expected that increasing annual temperatures and future drought conditions will increase the risk of wildfires in the city. The tree stands in the river valley and other natural areas may be susceptible to losses from wildfire, and there is potential risk to buildings adjacent to these areas. | |
| 954 | Cities 2021 | 43914 | City of Charlotte, NC | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | Medium High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Land use planning; Law & order; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons | Increasing | Increasing | High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | With rising global temperatures the city expects to see a continuing increase in extreme heat days. This will continue from the present day through to the long-term. This is expected to cause water stress, impact emergency services and disproportionately affect lower-income groups. | |
| 955 | Cities 2021 | 43914 | City of Charlotte, NC | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Public health; Residential; Tourism; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | As global warming continues the city anticipates increased incidences of high-impact events. This will include intense rainfall events that are likely to lead to localised flooding. This combined with Charlotte’s rapid development has the potential to impact energy systems with cascading effects impacting emergency services and transportation. There is clear additional impacts on the storm-water and wastewater infrastructures. Charlotte Mecklenburg Stormwater is developing a master plan to mitigate these hazards. | |
| 956 | Cities 2021 | 43914 | City of Charlotte, NC | United States of America | North America | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Chemical change > Atmospheric CO2 concentrations | Yes | Medium High | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Land use planning; Law & order; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | An increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gas emissions are the basis of the aforementioned impacts directly on Charlotte. There is, however, the potential for significant additional impacts that will affect our supply chains notably regard to food. In the medium to long-term we also expect to see displacement of individuals with Charlotte being a natural destination where people would want to live. This additional warming is likely to lead to increased incidences of certain diseases becoming more prevalent in Charlotte. With this increased warming and its associated climatic impacts there is a real potential for energy supplies to be negatively impacted – as these, similar to food, will extend long way beyond Charlotte’s borders. Each of these impacts can be interlinked and show how Charlotte will be impacted in a systems context. | |
| 957 | Cities 2021 | 43917 | Obshtina Sofia | Bulgaria | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Residential | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Short-term (by 2025) | In regard to the temperatures, the statistical significance and the sustainability of the results for all periods and scenarios provide a strong basis for the following conclusions: - A significant rise in average temperatures is expected by mid-century in both climate scenarios, with RCP4 .5, are achieved by the middle of the century at RCP8.5. As a consequence, an equivalent change follows for the vegetation period.- Expectations of a significant rise in extremely high temperatures are still in the middle of the century and in both scenarios, with the conclusion being true both for the day and for the night. Also, an equivalent increase is expected for the duration of the hot periods. RCP4.5 results for the end of the century are achieved in RCP8.5 by the middle of the century. - Considerable warming is expected during the cold periods in both scenarios by the middle of the century, with RCP4.5's end-of-century results attained by mid-century at RCP8.5. The number of days of freezing as well as frosting falls significantly. A significant decrease in the length of the cold waves, as for RCP8.5 long periods of cold weather practically do not expect until the end of the century. | |
| 958 | Cities 2021 | 43917 | Obshtina Sofia | Bulgaria | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities | Decreasing | None | Medium | Long-term (after 2050) | - Rare, but more intense rainfall is expected on an annual basis. Longer periods of drought are expected.- Winter is expected to be wetter, with less, but more intense rainfall. Overall, this conclusion is not particularly certain about RCP4.5; for RCP8.5 the indication is clearer.- More dry summers are expected with less precipitation. For RCP4.5, there is some certainty about this towards the end of the century; for RCP8.5 this is also true for the middle of the century. | |
| 959 | Cities 2021 | 43917 | Obshtina Sofia | Bulgaria | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | Do not know | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Education; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Decreasing | Decreasing | Medium | Long-term (after 2050) | Currently, the rainfall results are more uncertain, but there is some basis for the following conclusions: - Rare, but more intense rainfall is expected on an annual basis. Longer periods of drought are expected.- Winter is expected to be wetter, with less, but more intense rainfall. Overall, this conclusion is not particularly certain about RCP4.5; for RCP8.5 the indication is clearer.- More dry summers are expected with less precipitation. For RCP4.5, there is some certainty about this towards the end of the century; for RCP8.5 this is also true for the middle of the century. | |
| 960 | Cities 2021 | 43917 | Obshtina Sofia | Bulgaria | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Do not know | Medium High | Medium Low | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Industrial; Public health; Residential; Tourism; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Decreasing | Increasing | Medium | Long-term (after 2050) | Precipitation results set basis for the following conclusions: - Rare, but more intense rainfall is expected on an annual basis. Longer periods of drought are expected.- Winter is expected to be wetter, with less, but more intense rainfall. Overall, this conclusion is not particularly certain about RCP4.5; for RCP8.5 the indication is clearer.- More dry summers are expected with less precipitation. For RCP4.5, there is some certainty about this towards the end of the century; - RCP8.5 predicts a 100-200 mm reduction in precipitation towards time horizon 2050 – 2070. According to this scenario, changes in precipitation patterns will also occur - they will decrease during the growing season but increase during the cold season.- The number of days with snow precipitation will be reduced significantly. | |
| 961 | Cities 2021 | 43917 | Obshtina Sofia | Bulgaria | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | Do not know | Medium High | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Decreasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | ||
| 962 | Cities 2021 | 43917 | Obshtina Sofia | Bulgaria | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Extreme cold temperature > Cold wave | Do not know | Medium Low | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential; Tourism; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Women & girls | Decreasing | Decreasing | Medium | Long-term (after 2050) | ||
| 963 | Cities 2021 | 43917 | Obshtina Sofia | Bulgaria | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Wild fire > Forest fire | Do not know | Do not know | Medium Low | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Public health | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Long-term (after 2050) | ||
| 964 | Cities 2021 | 43917 | Obshtina Sofia | Bulgaria | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 8 | Storm and wind > Lightning / thunderstorm | Do not know | Medium | Medium | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Residential; Tourism; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Decreasing | Medium High | Long-term (after 2050) | In terms of storms, forecast estimates show a significant increase. For the end-of-century, the number of storms is expected to increase nearly 3-fold | |
| 965 | Cities 2021 | 43920 | City of Ljubljana | Slovenia | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | No | High | Low | Increased demand for public services | Emergency services; Food & agriculture; Residential; Transport | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | Low | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Flash floods are becoming an increasing trend of hazard nowadays, and can firstly have significant impact on agriculture in the city; the crops can get destroyed, and cannot recover in the same growing season. Floods can also impact on transport sector in the city, the hazard can limit the flow of supplies in the city, public transport can become paralyzed (to an extent) also the floods can present a danger for transport infrastructure (roads, bridges, road sewage systems, cars, etc.).If there are severe floodings, they can also cause damages to residential buildings, and sanation (or restoration) of buildings is needed. This can financially impact low-income households that cannot afford large (and costly) restoration of a damaged building. The buildings, classified as sub-standard housing can indure even greater damages and require even more repair.Sometimes flash floods are the cause for human injuries which presents a challenge for emergency services which have to be prepared at all times; and have to be alerted, especially in the time of an appearing hazard. | |
| 966 | Cities 2021 | 43920 | City of Ljubljana | Slovenia | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Extreme Precipitation > Hail | Yes | High | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Food & agriculture; Residential; Transport | Other, please specify: All groups and households are subjected to the mentioned hazard. | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | The danger of hail in Slovenia is great, and our country is one of the areas with the highest frequency of storms in Europe. Hail storms in the territory of about 1 km2 occur a few dozen times a year, those that affect the territory a few km2 several times, and those with a larger scale once every few years.Even a small hailstone causes damage to crops, as the grains scrape the leaves and break the saplings. Thicker hail also does damage to cars, window panes, building roofs and facades. Thicker hail leaves a pits on the roof of the car, can break car windows, can break roof tiles, damages buildings facades and can cause serious injuries to an unprotected human head and can injure livestock caught out in the open.Years with more hail are more frequent due to climate change and weather fluctuations due to greenhouse gases, the concentration of which is increasing due to human pollution. | |
| 967 | Cities 2021 | 43920 | City of Ljubljana | Slovenia | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Storm and wind > Lightning / thunderstorm | No | Medium High | Low | Increased demand for public services | Energy; Food & agriculture; Information & communications technology; Transport | Other, please specify: All groups can be subjected to possible injuries due to the mentioned climate hazard. | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Immediately | The City of Ljubljana is located in a very stormy area. Heat storms are especially common in spring and summer. At that time, the air at the ground heats up strongly, and at heights it is still cold. Thunderstorms can bring heavy rains (which can cause flash flooding), strong winds, hail, lightning.Precipitation due to thunderstorms can cause flooding, which can damage buildings, paralyze traffic, injure people, damage crops, damage livestock. Strong winds knock down trees, cause damage to power lines. Lightning is causing fires, damages to power lines, injuries to people. Public service employees (firefighters, ICT and electric power systems maintainers, employees in transport and road maintenance) are sometimes subjected to injuries while working.The amount of thunderstorms is expected to increase in the future due to climate change. | |
| 968 | Cities 2021 | 43920 | City of Ljubljana | Slovenia | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential; Tourism | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Heatwaves are becoming an increasing trend on our planet, some can last for several days, some even longer, yet they all have a significant impact on society and services. Since heatwaves are among the most dangerous natural hazards, the cities have become especially bewared of this phenomena, especially due to the urban heat island effect, where livelihoods and wellbeing of urban communities can be severely disrupted during and after periods of unusually hot weather. Heatwaves often burden health and emergeny services because they often claim a death toll, especially from elderly, children and youth, and people with chronic diseases. The risk are also the after effects where heat/sunburn related diseases occur.When it comes to services, food and agriculture industry takes a big hit due to the heatwave hazard, crops can be easily destroyed due to the heatwave hazard, tourism may be affected as the cities during the heatwave become unbearable to explore, and public health as overall decreases. | |
| 969 | Cities 2021 | 43920 | City of Ljubljana | Slovenia | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Extreme Precipitation > Fog | Yes | High | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Industrial; Public health; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Decreasing | Decreasing | Low | Immediately | Fog affects people's life in many ways. Fog reduces the visibility of the surface, road traffic is strongly affected by this, usually there are more traffic accidents when fog is present. Fog also contains polluting primary or secondary particulate matter and this can have severe negative effects on the air quality and human health. Ljubljana is one of the European cities with the most fog. Her foggy mornings in autumn and winter are a constant. Yet in recent decades, they are no longer as typical as they used to be. It is predicted that the amount of fog will decrease in the future due to less polluted air. | |
| 970 | Cities 2021 | 43920 | City of Ljubljana | Slovenia | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | Medium | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased resource demand | Emergency services; Food & agriculture; Industrial; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Transport | Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | None | Increasing | Medium | Short-term (by 2025) | Surface water floods occur when an urban drainage system is overwhelmed and water starts pouring out into the streets and nearby structures. As it occurs gradually, it provides residents time to move to safer locations; also the level of water is usally shallow. As it rarely presents a threat to lives, it can however cause significant economic damage to infrastructure. Flash floods are a high intense velocity torrent of water, caused by torrential rain falling in a short amount of time within the vicinity or on nearby elevated terrain. Flash floods are very dangerous and destructive not only because of the force of the water, but also the hurtling debris that is often swept up in the flow. As floods and storms are becoming an increasing threat in the City of Ljubljana, there is an expected increase of surface flood hazard as well. The hazard also raises an issue to tackling this problem in transport (flooded roads) and construction (flooded buildings, or parts of buildings in a certain area). There is a need for better urban planning and land use in such areas. | |
| 971 | Cities 2021 | 43920 | City of Ljubljana | Slovenia | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Mass movement > Landslide | Yes | Low | Medium Low | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for public services | Emergency services; Land use planning; Residential | Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | None | Low | Immediately | Landslides are responsible for loss of life and injury to people and their livestock as well as damage to infrastructure, agricultural lands and housing. Landslides also affect the topography of the earth's surface, quality of rivers and streams, forests, habitats of natural wildlife. It is expected that frequency of landslides will increase, but the excpected magnitude of hazard will be low. The impact of landslides in the future, despite the increase in frequency, is expected to be similar due to good spatial planning. | |
| 972 | Cities 2021 | 43920 | City of Ljubljana | Slovenia | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 8 | Biological hazards > Air-borne disease | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Public health; Tourism | Elderly; Marginalized groups; Persons with chronic diseases | Do not know | Do not know | Medium | Immediately | We live in the time where the global pandemic of COVID-19 roams and is paralyzing the entire world. As airborne diseases present a problem within the areas with the higher population density, City of Ljubljana with a 10 times higher average population density that of Slovenia is no exemption of this rule. Airborne diseases are passed from on person to another when microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi etc.) travel through the air in aerosolized particles.Diseases can be transmitted through coughing, sneezing, spraying liquid, or dust. There are many tipes of airborne diseases, most known one today is COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. Such diseases can have a tremendous effect on public facilities (overcrowded hospitals), general population (vulnerable groups such as elderly are more subjected to such diseases) and economic sectors, for example: tourism, which can stop almost completely, if the measures become strict (as it happened in Slovenia during the beginning of March-May 2020 and from October 2020-March 2021). | |
| 973 | Cities 2021 | 43921 | Grad Zagreb | Croatia | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme cold temperature > Extreme cold days | No | Medium | Low | Increased demand for healthcare services | Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Medium-term (2026-2050) | The effects of climate change have proven to have negative effects on road, rail and supporting transport infrastructure. Changing the climatic conditions is a frequent occurrence of extraordinary events, in the sense of strong rain show in short periods of time (floods), strong winds (storms) and temperature extremes (thermal waves and periods of extremely cold weather). The impact on the rail infrastructure generally involves reduced safety, increased repair and maintenance costs, and breaks in traffic. Road infrastructure, depending on the type of impact, is jeopardized by the reduced speed and traffic flow, the safety of traffic is compromised, there is direct material damage and increased costs of repair and maintenanceDevelopment and investment in the building sector is constantly under pressure from climate changes and related extreme weather events.The impact of climate change has a particular impact on the construction industry due to the expected life expectancy of buildings and the fact that there is a need to renovate existing buildings in order to be able to cope with climatic conditions that are or will be different from those at the time they were designed and built. | |
| 974 | Cities 2021 | 43921 | Grad Zagreb | Croatia | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | Yes | High | Medium | Increased demand for healthcare services | Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Residential | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Very extreme conditions of life, especially for young children, sick and the elderly person.The increase in risk of heart diseases.During high heat waves, high temperatures and direct sunlight cause structural changes of road (asphalt) surfaces, which can have negative consequences on traffic flow, in terms of limitation or even total ban on the use of certain road sections, and disturbances in public transport. Extremely heated road surface additionally increases the air temperature causing a whole range of associated negative impacts and adaptation needs. Asphalt properties, bearing capacity and wear resistance depend on temperature, and at temperatures above 30 ° C the deformation effect is more pronounced.Thermal Waves are one of the manifestations of climate change that has a significant impact on many aspects of everyday life, and perhaps the most prominent on public transport passengers. Certain research shows that temperatures in vehicles, at the peak of thermal waves, can be up to 4 ° C higher than the air temperature outside the vehicle. This is a serious threat to human health.The urban thermal island is a phenomenon that characterizes the significantly higher air temperature in the urban area compared to the surrounding rural area. It is necessary to identify critical areas of thermal islands and plan the application of green infrastructure to mitigate the effect of the thermal island. Adequate vegetation should have, with adaptive effects, high resistance to climate change. | |
| 975 | Cities 2021 | 43921 | Grad Zagreb | Croatia | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Water Scarcity > Drought | No | Low | Low | Increased demand for public services | Energy; Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Do not know | Do not know | Short-term (by 2025) | Climate change could affect the amount of electricity and heat consumed and the time of energy use.It is considered that the distribution network is considered to be more endangered than the heat network, while the gas network is least compromised.The effects of climate change, such as increased incidence of extreme weather events, changes in rainfall intensity and extreme temperature will cause negative impacts on energy production, transmission, distribution and demand. Significant impact on transmission and distribution systems will be different seasonal consumption patterns as well as direct physical influences of extreme weather events. The most sensitive are certainly older parts of these systems. Electricity production is threatened by reducing system efficiency due to, for example, reducing the availability of water for cooling the plant.The aim is to achieve the required pumping capacity to supply current and future users of water services, increase the efficiency of the pumping plant, and thus achieve the objective of sustainable disposal of water resources.It is necessary to initiate activities on the feasibility study, cost and benefit analysis, and the assessment of various alternative solutions to stop and change the negative trend of groundwater levels and ensure sufficient capacity for the safe water supply of the city of Zagreb. Implementation of the measures should be undertaken in an integrated manner and with particular emphasis on maintaining high groundwater quality. | ||
| 976 | Cities 2021 | 43921 | Grad Zagreb | Croatia | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Flood and sea level rise > River flood | No | Low | Low | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Do not know | Do not know | Medium | Short-term (by 2025) | Disabling normal conditions for life in the flooded areas.Floods are one of the biggest risks for energy production facilities, but also for connecting physical infrastructure. Seasonal demand for energy delivery will change, primarily the increase in electricity consumption at the time of expressing thermal waves, which is a significant burden for the total power sector.Water management is a special challenge to adapt to climate change, given the high water sensitivity to climate impacts.The risks can be summed up in the following groups:● Reduced drinking water availability due to long-lasting drought● contamination of watercourses● Increase flood risk● Damage to water supply systems due to the occurrence of landslides. The aim is to alleviate human and material losses in the populated and economic areas of the City of Zagreb where there is a high risk of flooding. The key is faster and more ready response of the local community and institutions responsible for the rehabilitation of flood identifying priority groups of society whose needs can be quickly recognize, which areas will first evacuate and whose assets will be protected. | |
| 977 | Cities 2021 | 43921 | Grad Zagreb | Croatia | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Mass movement > Landslide | No | Medium | Do not know | Increased demand for public services | Emergency services; Food & agriculture; Residential; Transport | None | None | Medium | Short-term (by 2025) | Destruction of roads, houses for life which is necessary to ensure their protection or reconstruction.The effects of climate change have proven to have some negative effects on road, rail and supporting transport infrastructure. It is possible to damage the traffic infrastructure due to the occurrence of landslides. | ||
| 978 | Cities 2021 | 43926 | Stadt Mannheim | Germany | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for public services; Other, please specify: infrastructure, buildungs and property damage | Emergency services; Industrial; Residential | Other, please specify: everyone can be affected | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Rain stroms regularly occur in Mannheim, especially in summer but they are possible in winter, too. In August 2019, a 2 hour rain storm has destroyed most of the trees in an alley, damaged cars and inundated numerous basements of residential houses. | |
| 979 | Cities 2021 | 43926 | Stadt Mannheim | Germany | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Public health; Residential; Tourism | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Mannheim has a highly sealed and very dense city structure. The urban heat island effect affects Mannheim extremely. With heat waves becoming more frequent in intensity and length, people suffer under high temperature. Espeacially elders, children and sick people are affected by health issues. The mortality rate is higher during heat waves. This hazard will increase in the future. | |
| 980 | Cities 2021 | 43926 | Stadt Mannheim | Germany | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Other, please specify: None | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Industrial; Tourism | Other, please specify: None | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Drought especially is an issue for the forest and urban green. The trees in the forest are not adapted to long period of droughts, so they die off. This has already happened in the last years and is expected to continue in the future. Also city trees need more additional irrigation which is high work load. | |
| 981 | Cities 2021 | 43926 | Stadt Mannheim | Germany | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Biological hazards > Vector-borne disease | Yes | Medium | Low | Increased demand for healthcare services | Public health | Other, please specify: Everyone | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | The asian tiger mosquito spreads across the region since a few years. It breeds in still water. The mosquito is known to transmit malaria and other diseases. The ambrosia plant also spreads and especially is dangerous for allergic persons. | |
| 982 | Cities 2021 | 43930 | Gemeente Den Haag | Netherlands | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | Yes | Medium | Medium | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of traditional jobs; Migration from rural areas to cities; Population displacement | Commercial; Food & agriculture; Residential | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Heavy rain can damage agricultural crops. In regards to commercial and residential sectors, they can experience damage to their properties and disruption to their everyday operations. | |
| 983 | Cities 2021 | 43930 | Gemeente Den Haag | Netherlands | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Extreme hot temperature > Heat wave | Yes | High | Medium | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of traditional jobs; Migration from rural areas to cities; Population displacement | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Heat, especially when combined with dry seasons, has consequences on agricultural crops favouring some and wasting others. Naturally this also has an impact on the environment. Green areas around and in the city need to be watered more frequently to prevent their drying out. Animals are not exempt from the effects of heat. Public health is here perhaps the most affected if we take into account vulnerable groups (suh as seniors and the chronicallly sick). Risks of riots are greater among lower socio-economic groups, such as in Paris in the summer of 2006 and London in 2011. | |
| 984 | Cities 2021 | 43930 | Gemeente Den Haag | Netherlands | Europe | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Flood and sea level rise > Coastal flood | No | Medium Low | High | Fluctuating socio-economic conditions; Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Loss of traditional jobs; Population displacement | Commercial; Education; Emergency services; Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Industrial; Information & communications technology; Law & order; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Tourism; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Other, please specify: the entire population,not only of the Hague but also the 7 million people living in the western part of the Netherlands at or below sealevel | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Long-term (after 2050) | The greater part of the Hague is situated at or below sealevel. In the unlikely case of a submerging flood all services would be greatly affected. Infrastructure and buildings would suffer great damage making the task of emergency services extremely difficult if not impossible. | |
| 985 | Cities 2021 | 43932 | Auckland Council | New Zealand | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Water Scarcity > Drought | Yes | High | Medium High | Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Auckland is vulnerable to the effects of different types of drought that could have severe implications on people, agriculture and the economy. The effect of drought could potentially damage plants, animals, wildlife habitat, and air and water quality. It could also increase forest and range fires leading to a reduced landscape quality. There will be a strain on the city’s water resources and cause conflicts between water users, inequities in the distribution of impacts and drought relief and public safety and health. Increased instances of drought will economically impact agriculture and related sectors. This may potentially inflate food prices, energy and other products as supplies are reduced. | |
| 986 | Cities 2021 | 43932 | Auckland Council | New Zealand | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Flood and sea level rise > Flash / surface flood | Yes | High | Medium High | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Commercial; Emergency services; Land use planning; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Flooding is Auckland’s most frequently occurring natural hazard. Most flooding occurs over a short period and affects relatively localised areas. Flooding is dependent on several factors including rainfall intensity and duration, soil conditions, local river levels and the physical characteristics of the catchment. The conditions that lead to flooding in Auckland are often dependent on whether the catchments are predominantly rural or urban. Auckland has approximately 100 urbanised catchments and 130 rural catchments. Ground conditions influence flooding in rural catchments as run-off to streams and rivers occurs much faster if soils are already saturated. The majority of the flood risk in the Auckland region is in urbanised catchments where development within floodplains and obstruction of overland flow paths increases the incidence and risk of flooding of homes and buildings. | |
| 987 | Cities 2021 | 43932 | Auckland Council | New Zealand | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Mass movement > Landslide | Yes | High | Medium | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Emergency services; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Coastal erosion can pose a risk to residential developments, roads, lifeline utilities and coastal structures. It could be a danger to life in the case of sudden onset landslide events and structural damage or destruction of buildings and infrastructure. In addition, it could severely damage or destruct lifeline infrastructure such as water, sewage and gas pipes and roads. And cause major damage to commercial transportation infrastructure that may require significant time to repair and lead to economic loss. In Auckland, landslides and soil erosion occur in soft, weak soils that have been weathered over many thousands of years. There is potential danger to life in the case of sudden landslides due to damage or destruction of buildings and impacts on lifeline infrastructure. Also, it may lead to loss of land, particularly in coastal cliff environments, destabilization of neighbouring slopes and properties and environmental impacts of sedimentation in waterways. | |
| 988 | Cities 2021 | 43932 | Auckland Council | New Zealand | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Flood and sea level rise > Coastal flood | Yes | Medium | Medium High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Low-income households; Marginalized groups; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Persons with disabilities; Unemployed persons; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Coastal inundation, often resulting from storm surge, occurs in Auckland and can cause significant disruption to low-lying coastal areas by isolating coastal communities and damaging properties and critical infrastructure from flooding and waves. Furthermore, it could lead to corrosion of electrical devices and other metal objects. Salinization of flooded land affects agriculture and causes secondary hazards such as land instability and possible fire. | |
| 989 | Cities 2021 | 43932 | Auckland Council | New Zealand | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | No | High | Medium | Increased conflict and/or crime; Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Law & order; Public health | Children & youth; Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with chronic diseases; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Short-term (by 2025) | Auckland is projected to experience up to four times as many hot days into the future resulting in increased health implications particularly for the young, elderly and those with pre-existing illnesses. Access to cooling green space is not equal across the region with some areas having very low canopy cover, often in regions of those already vulnerable. Increased heat will also impact infrastructure with potential disruption to power and water supply as well as the structural integrity of road and rails during periods of extreme heat. An increase in extreme hot days will also impact the natural environment and associated services with detrimental effects for those unable to adapt with risks to food production and biodiversity. | |
| 990 | Cities 2021 | 43932 | Auckland Council | New Zealand | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Storm and wind > Tornado | No | Medium High | Medium | Other, please specify | Emergency services; Energy; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Elderly; Persons with disabilities | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Immediately | Tornadoes occur infrequently in Auckland but are much smaller than those that occur in the Midwest of the USA. Most tornado injuries or deaths in Auckland are related to airborne debris or building collapse. In Auckland, while tornado damage generally is localised, tornadoes have caused damage to buildings and power lines, fences and trees, vehicles by overturning or wind or hail damage and injuries to people but rarely death. | |
| 991 | Cities 2021 | 43932 | Auckland Council | New Zealand | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 7 | Storm and wind > Severe wind | Yes | High | Medium | Increased demand for public services; Population displacement | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Transport | Elderly; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | High | Immediately | Due to its position in the 'Roaring Forties', a belt of strong winds in the Southern Hemisphere which generally occur between the latitudes of 40 and 49 degrees, as well as its small size, New Zealand is a windy country. Typical damage experienced in Auckland city includes:• destruction of buildings, including roofing being blown off, broken windows, and other flying debris• large scale forest damage and fallen trees or branches falling onto power-lines• high-sided vehicles and outdoor equipment such as centre-pivot irrigators being blown over• very tall buildings and transmission lines can suffer structural failures. | |
| 992 | Cities 2021 | 43932 | Auckland Council | New Zealand | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 8 | Wild fire > Forest fire | No | Medium | Low | Population displacement | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Residential; Society / community & culture | Indigenous population | Increasing | Increasing | High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | There is a risk of wildfire in forested areas to the west (Waitakere Ranges), south (Hunua Ranges), northwest (Woodhill Forest), north (Mahurangi Forest) and east (Gulf Islands). Fires in these areas can be caused by agricultural burn-off getting out of control, arson, careless activities such as campfires in restricted locations, or natural causes such as lightning strikes. Weather contributes significantly to the risk of wildfire. Prolonged drought can provide tinder dry conditions and strong winds can buffet and spread wildfire easily. Auckland Council undertakes a Regional Wildlife Threat Analysis to assess the vulnerability. | |
| 993 | Cities 2021 | 43932 | Auckland Council | New Zealand | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 9 | Storm and wind > Storm surge | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Increased demand for public services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Children & youth; Elderly; Indigenous population; Women & girls | Increasing | Increasing | High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | The most vulnerable areas are low lying and on the coast, with urban areas particularly vulnerable due to population size. Impacts would include stress and anxiety due to evacuations, potential injuries or fatalities, damage or destruction of property, infrastructure failure and economic impacts both directly and indirectly. Environmental impacts are also expected to be considerable due to direct wave impacts and saltwater intrusion. | |
| 994 | Cities 2021 | 43937 | Wellington City Council | New Zealand | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Extreme Precipitation > Rain storm | No | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Residential; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing; Persons with disabilities | Not expected to happen in the future | Increasing | Medium High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | The latest climate impact projections show that rainfall extremes are expected to increase with climate change due to a warmer atmosphere being able to hold more moisture. The intensity of events is predicted to increase more so than the frequency. More specifically, projections for intensification of extreme rainfall events across the region range from a 6-13% increase, with shorter duration events expected to see a larger increase in precipitation amount. To date, Wellington has experienced minor flooding events from rain/storm events, mainly in vulnerable, low-lying suburbs. This is exacerbated by the fact that significant areas of our underground water infrastructure is already experiencing inundation from sea water, and the stormwater network can become hydraulically locked in conjunction with precipitation events and high tide. While surface flooding in extreme events is observed and expected in low-lying suburbs, such events have also seen that the hilly geography and rock typology of the city has caused some slope failure under this pressure. While these have been on a scale that affects a small portion of the population, it is likely the frequency and magnitude of slope failure could increase under future rainfall intensity projections. | |
| 995 | Cities 2021 | 43937 | Wellington City Council | New Zealand | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 2 | Flood and sea level rise > Coastal flood | No | Medium High | Medium High | Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Commercial; Emergency services; Land use planning; Residential; Society / community & culture; Transport; Water supply & sanitation | Other, please specify: Coastal residents; | Increasing | Increasing | High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | As a city surrounded by coastline, Wellington is vulnerable to sea-level rise and the associated coastal flooding. The significant portions of the central business district is built on reclaimed land and is highly susceptible to liquefaction from sea-level rise or an earthquake event. Sea walls around the city have needed rebuilding after severe storm events, and we have large residential populations of the city who are in low-lying areas that are already experiencing storm surge flooding. There has been a small increase in coastal flooding events in recent years, which is expected to continue to increase. Buried infrastructure will likely see further saltwater intrusion, and some infrastructure already finds itself underwater at high tide. The CBD will be impacted and services will have to be protected or relocated; this is already noticeable as basement infrastructure is experiencing water intrusion at high tide and during storm surge events. Long term, some coastal residents will have to be protected or relocated, which could be exacerbated by potential insurance retreat for coastal properties. Modelling of sea-level rise in the CBD shows the potential for severe implications towards the end of this century. Over 14,000 buildings and 173 km of roads in the Wellington region are exposed to a 1% Annual Exceedance Probablity (AEP) storm tide event with 1 m of sea-level rise.These risks are being considered and applied over our spatial planning and growth projections for the city. Ongoing work is being done to apply specific development risk categories to locations and types of development across the city based on hazard and climate change risks. | |
| 996 | Cities 2021 | 43937 | Wellington City Council | New Zealand | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 3 | Water Scarcity > Drought | No | Medium | Medium | Increased demand for public services; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture; Public health; Society / community & culture; Water supply & sanitation | Indigenous population; Low-income households | Increasing | Increasing | Medium | Long-term (after 2050) | No substantial drought impacts have occurred to date for Wellington city, but are likely to increase in the Wairarapa - an agricultural area in the greater Wellington region, east of Wellington city. It is anticipated that the Wellington region will experience longer dry spells and shorter wet spells. This will impact pasture production and crop growth in this region. There will be less water for services coupled with an increasing population; wildfire risk will increase in summer months in regions surrounding Wellington, which will ensure greater demand for fire services. Wellington is currently the only city in the region that does not use water meters, as water scarcity has typically not affected Wellington City. However, as precipitation changes are expected to occur across the region, Wellington has been prompted to examine its own water use and reduction opportunities to better manage regional water resources. | |
| 997 | Cities 2021 | 43937 | Wellington City Council | New Zealand | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 4 | Storm and wind > Storm surge | No | High | Medium High | Increased demand for public services; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations; Population displacement | Emergency services; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Land use planning; Public health; Residential; Transport; Waste management; Water supply & sanitation | Other, please specify: Coastal residents | Increasing | Increasing | High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | The Wellington region has experienced historic storm surges, and with climate change the intensity and frequency of storms is likely to increase. Storm surges will increase in reach as a result of rising sea-levels, adding further pressure to coastal residents in low-lying suburbs, as well as impacts on infrastructure and utilities. Of note, Wellington has a small tidal range which will impact the severity of the storm surges and SLR that occurs in future.In 2019 and early 2020, storm surges on our southern coast have seen numerous instances of road flooding, sea water inundation over property lines, and large-scale road and beach clean-ups required. In general, our early warning system has provided residents with time to prepare their properties for potential risk, but these events are becoming more and more commonplace. Thirty centimetres of sea level rise is expected to occur in New Zealand over the next 40 years, which will mean that today's 1 in 100 year storm surge event, would be likely to happen every year. This puts added pressure on adaptation planning for roading, sea walls, and other infrastructure assets, as well as private dwellings. | |
| 998 | Cities 2021 | 43937 | Wellington City Council | New Zealand | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 5 | Storm and wind > Severe wind | Yes | Medium High | Medium High | Other, please specify: Increased risk to electricity networks and building infrastructure | Energy; Transport | Other, please specify: No particular group, wind is largely indiscriminate in Wellington. | Increasing | Increasing | Medium High | Medium-term (2026-2050) | Wellington is already the windiest city in the world, with an annual average windspeed of 29 km/hr, and average wind gusts of 60-100 km/hr. The number of extrememly windy days is projected to increase across the region with the southern coast and hilltop suburbs most at risk of being adversely affected. Wellington is likely to experience stronger extreme winds into the future, with a 2-3% increase in the number of extremely windy days expected by 2090. Effects the city has historically experienced include damage to roofs, trees being felled, the toppling of power poles, traffic lines and general damage to homes. This has an impact on utilities delivery, emergency services call-outs, and damage to infrastructure. These are considerations for Wellington when it comes to building code requirements, renewable energy generation (capacity of wind turbines and roof-mounted solar panels to deal with extreme gusts), and building envelope design to reduce cold, draughty homes. | |
| 999 | Cities 2021 | 43937 | Wellington City Council | New Zealand | Southeast Asia and Oceania | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 6 | Extreme hot temperature > Extreme hot days | No | Medium Low | Medium Low | Increased demand for healthcare services; Increased incidence and prevalence of disease and illness; Increased resource demand; Increased risk to already vulnerable populations | Energy; Environment, biodiversity, forestry; Food & agriculture | Low-income households; Persons living in sub-standard housing | Increasing | Increasing | Medium Low | Long-term (after 2050) | Wellington has enjoyed a relatively moderate climate in the past, with temperatures rarely dropping below 5 C and rarely exceeding 25C. Less than one extreme hot day (> 30C) per year is experienced in the area surrounding Wellington Harbour. In the future, the number of extremem hot days per year is projected to increase. Up to two more extreme hot days per year projected for the area around Wellington Harbour by 2040. However, by 2090, 15-20 more extreme hot days are projected for much of the Wairarapa under RCP8.5 and 2-4 more hot days per year for the area around Wellington Harbour. For Wellington, there is a climate shift from the absence of extreme hot days in the historic period to 3 per year by 2090 under RCP8.5. The temperature change predictions, both an increase in hot days/nights and a decrease in cold days/nights will have an impact on the Wellington region's agricultural and food sector. More pressure will be put on water resources for agricultural lands, and this could result in the increase in insect and non-native species impacts across the region. Wellington residents may also see an increase in summer energy use, as temperatures increase. | |
| 1000 | Cities 2021 | 43938 | The Executive Council, Govt of Dubai | United Arab Emirates | Middle East | 2. Climate Hazards and Vulnerability | Climate Hazards | 2.1 | Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity. Please also select the most relevant assets or services that are affected by the climate hazard and provide a description of the impact. | 1 | Flood and sea level rise > Coastal flood | No | Low | High | Other, please specify: No social impact other than damage to property of people in affected areas. | Energy; Industrial; Land use planning; Tourism; Water supply & sanitation | Other, please specify: None specifically. Most of the developments on the coastline are either commercial or industrial/infrastructure and as such there are no specific social groups that would be affected. | Increasing | Increasing | Low | Long-term (after 2050) | At the moment there are rarely any events of coastal flooding. Coastal development and coastal infrastructure i.e. power plants, desalination plants, resorts (tourism industry) are however vulnerable to coastal flooding in the future and will be at risk should coastal flooding events increase in frequency and magnitude. |
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The dataset contains 2021 data on cities' climate hazards, reported by cities through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System in response to question 2.1 (" Please list the most significant climate hazards faced by your city and indicate the probability and consequence of these hazards, as well as the expected future change in frequency and intensity.") in the 2021 Cities questionnaire. View cities questionnaire guidance at https://www.cdp.net/en/guidance/guidance-for-cities. Please contact cities@cdp.net if you have any questions.
This data is collected through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System. When using this data, please cite both organisations using the following wording: ‘This data was collected in partnership by CDP and ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability’.
For further guidance on how to reference this data for use in external publications, please refer to the Open Data Portal Terms of Use available on the homepage.
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