Go back to the interactive dataset

2021 Cities - Emissions and Mitigation

This is a filtered view based on 2021 Full Cities Dataset.

Row numberQuestionnaireYear Reported to CDPAccount NumberOrganizationCountryCDP RegionParent SectionSectionQuestion NumberQuestion NameColumn NumberColumn NameRow NumberRow NameResponse AnswerCommentsFile NameLast update
677651Cities 2021202174414Boulder County, COUnited States of AmericaNorth America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6bPlease provide a summary of emissions by sector and scope as defined in the Global Protocol for Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories (GPC) in the table below.2Where data is not available, please explain why8Waste: waste generated within the city boundary – Scope 1 (III.X.1)01/20/2022 02:27:05
677652Cities 2021202154530City of Brighton & HoveUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandEurope5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.15Total cost provided by the local government4870000001/20/2022 02:27:05
677653Cities 2021202159644City of Culver City, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Target setting5.0cPlease provide details of your total city-wide base year intensity target. An intensity target is usually measured per capita or per unit GDP. If you have an absolute emissions reduction target, please select “Base year emissions (absolute) target” in question 5.0.14Is this target considered to be your cities most ambitious target?0Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677654Cities 2021202137241City of Berkeley, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.6If you have no emissions occurring outside the city boundary to report as a result of in-city activities, please select a notation key to explain why23AFOLU > Land use01/20/2022 02:27:05
677655Cities 2021202160361Prefeitura de Tangará da SerraBrazilLatin America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6cPlease provide a breakdown of your GHG emissions by scope. Where values are not available, please use the comment field to indicate the reason why.10Calculated total Scope 1 + Scope 2 emissions1City-wide emissionsQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677656Cities 20212021831618Yaoundé 4CameroonAfrica4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.5Emissions occurring outside the city boundary as a result of in-city activities (metric tonnes CO2e)21Total IPPU01/20/2022 02:27:05
677657Cities 20212021859157Matsue CityJapanEast Asia5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.15Total cost provided by the local government101/20/2022 02:27:05
677658Cities 20212021834403Municipality of San Martín de los AndesArgentinaLatin America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.14Total cost of the project831945.501/20/2022 02:27:05
677659Cities 2021202144185Suwon CityRepublic of KoreaEast Asia7. Local Government EmissionsLocal Government Operations GHG Emissions Data7.5Please give the total amount of fuel (refers to Scope 1 emissions) that your local government has consumed this year.2Fuel2Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677660Cities 2021202174594City of Boynton Beach, FLUnited States of AmericaNorth America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.1Please state the dates of the accounting year or 12-month period for which you are reporting your latest city-wide GHG emissions inventory.1From1Accounting year dates2020-01-0101/20/2022 02:27:05
677661Cities 20212021831999Concejo Municipal de Distrito de Monte VerdeCosta RicaLatin America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.11Co-benefit area2Reduced GHG emissionsAhorro de energía aún no ha sido estimado. La producción de energía renovable no aplica, no es de jurisdicción municipal.Con respecto al costo total provisto por el gobierno local en las 3 acciones de mitigación, es cero, debido a que este aporta de manera en "especie" no de forma económica, por ser su presupuesto muy limitado. Su colaboración se ejerce más desde las acciones de articulación, oficialización y divulgación así como con recurso humano. Por lo anterior el financiamiento busca ser provisto por otras fuentes: internacional, de cooperación, local, entre otros.La acción de mitigación en transporte como residuos cuenta con diversas fases cuyos estados de implementación varían de acuerdo a las subactividades que se estén desarrollando- implementando, y según la disponibilidad de recursos con los que se cuente.Costo total provisto por la fuente principal del financiamiento para la acción de residuos ($14,200) aplica para la fase del 2019. Ver doc. Plan Acción Monte Verde.01/20/2022 02:27:05
677662Cities 2021202150382Municipio de MéridaMexicoLatin America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.17Total cost provided by the majority funding source (currency)401/20/2022 02:27:05
677663Cities 20212021859066Ashoro-TownJapanEast Asia5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Target setting5.0cPlease provide details of your total city-wide base year intensity target. An intensity target is usually measured per capita or per unit GDP. If you have an absolute emissions reduction target, please select “Base year emissions (absolute) target” in question 5.0.12Target year absolute emissions (metric tonnes CO2e)0Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677664Cities 2021202155180City of ShizuokaJapanEast Asia5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.1Mitigation action8Energy Supply > Low or zero carbon energy supply generation01/20/2022 02:27:05
677665Cities 20212021840070Somerset West and TauntonUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandEurope4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.3Please give the name of the primary protocol, standard, or methodology you have used to calculate your city’s city-wide GHG emissions.1Primary protocol1Emissions methodologyGlobal Protocol for Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories (GPC)01/20/2022 02:27:05
677666Cities 2021202143938The Executive Council, Govt of DubaiUnited Arab EmiratesMiddle East4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6cPlease provide a breakdown of your GHG emissions by scope. Where values are not available, please use the comment field to indicate the reason why.12Level of confidence1City-wide emissionsQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677667Cities 20212021863204Pesisir Barat RegencyIndonesiaSoutheast Asia and Oceania4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.3Indirect emissions from the use of grid-supplied electricity, heat, steam and/or cooling (metric tonnes CO2e)24AFOLU > Other AFOLUQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677668Cities 20212021859151Kato CityJapanEast Asia4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.3Indirect emissions from the use of grid-supplied electricity, heat, steam and/or cooling (metric tonnes CO2e)18Total WasteQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677669Cities 20212021840948City of PakseLao People's Democratic RepublicSoutheast Asia and Oceania5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Target setting5.0cPlease provide details of your total city-wide base year intensity target. An intensity target is usually measured per capita or per unit GDP. If you have an absolute emissions reduction target, please select “Base year emissions (absolute) target” in question 5.0.2Where sources differ from the inventory, identify and explain these additions / exclusion0Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677670Cities 20212021859196Yomitan VillageJapanEast Asia4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.5Emissions occurring outside the city boundary as a result of in-city activities (metric tonnes CO2e)11Transportation > AviationQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677671Cities 2021202160408Municipalidad de TalcaChileLatin America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6bPlease provide a summary of emissions by sector and scope as defined in the Global Protocol for Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories (GPC) in the table below.1Emissions (metric tonnes CO2e)4Stationary Energy: energy generation supplied to the grid – Scope 1 (I.4.4)Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677672Cities 20212021859075Minamisanriku TownJapanEast Asia4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6bPlease provide a summary of emissions by sector and scope as defined in the Global Protocol for Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories (GPC) in the table below.1Emissions (metric tonnes CO2e)15TOTAL Scope 3 emissionsQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677673Cities 20212021840070Somerset West and TauntonUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandEurope5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.7Estimated emissions reduction (metric tonnes CO2e)1A selection of relevant mitigation actions included in the emerging CNCR Action Plan are included here. We are unable to identify the emissions reductions or energy savings etc. at this stage as actions are generally high level. A key action of the Plan is to assess the carbon reduction potential of each action, and then further more detailed assessment will take place as projects are developed.01/20/2022 02:27:05
677674Cities 20212021859188Kirishima CityJapanEast Asia4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.3Indirect emissions from the use of grid-supplied electricity, heat, steam and/or cooling (metric tonnes CO2e)25Total AFOLUQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677675Cities 2021202154088City of Peterborough, ONCanadaNorth America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Target setting5.0dPlease provide details of your total city-wide baseline scenario target(s), including projected business as usual emissions.5Base year0Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677676Cities 2021202154082City of Hollywood, FLUnited States of AmericaNorth America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.4If you have no indirect emissions to report, please select a notation key to explain why19IPPU > Industrial processQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677677Cities 2021202154386Tainan City GovernmentTaiwan, Greater ChinaEast Asia4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.3Indirect emissions from the use of grid-supplied electricity, heat, steam and/or cooling (metric tonnes CO2e)19IPPU > Industrial process01/20/2022 02:27:05
677678Cities 2021202160638Walvis Bay MunicipalityNamibiaAfrica4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6dWhere it will facilitate a greater understanding of your city-wide emissions, please provide a breakdown of these emissions by IPCC sector in the table below.5Comment0Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677679Cities 2021202160391Municipalidad de San BorjaPeruLatin America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.5Start year of action101/20/2022 02:27:05
677680Cities 2021202131151Stadt BaselSwitzerlandEurope5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.8Energy savings (MWh)901/20/2022 02:27:05
677681Cities 2021202158590City of Easton, PAUnited States of AmericaNorth America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.1Direct emissions (metric tonnes CO2e)9Transportation > Rail01/20/2022 02:27:05
677682Cities 2021202149339City and County of Honolulu, HIUnited States of AmericaNorth America4. City-wide EmissionsHistorical emissions inventories4.13Please provide details on any historical, base year or recalculated city-wide emissions inventories your city has, in order to allow assessment of targets in the table below.3Scopes / boundary covered4Scope 2 (indirect)01/20/2022 02:27:05
677683Cities 20212021848131GámezaColombiaLatin America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.5Emissions occurring outside the city boundary as a result of in-city activities (metric tonnes CO2e)5Stationary energy > Agriculture01/20/2022 02:27:05
677684Cities 2021202154637Alcaldía de CuencaEcuadorLatin America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Target setting5.0aPlease provide details of your total city-wide base year emissions reduction (absolute) target(s). In addition, you may add rows to provide details of your sector-specific targets, by providing the base year emissions specific to that target.15Does this target align to a requirement from a higher level of government?1Yes01/20/2022 02:27:05
677685Cities 2021202173758Mataram CityIndonesiaSoutheast Asia and Oceania5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.3Means of implementation1Financial mechanism01/20/2022 02:27:05
677686Cities 20212021840923Prefeitura de Nova Santa RitaBrazilLatin America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.1Direct emissions (metric tonnes CO2e)1Stationary energy > Residential buildingsQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677687Cities 2021202154124City of Fremont, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.4If you have no indirect emissions to report, please select a notation key to explain why8Transportation > On-roadNO01/20/2022 02:27:05
677688Cities 2021202159545City of Charlottesville, VAUnited States of AmericaNorth America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.20Role in the GCC program1Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677689Cities 20212021859132Iwakura CityJapanEast Asia5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Target setting5.0bPlease provide details of your total fixed level target(s).4Explanation of boundary choice where the assessment boundary differs from the city boundary0Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677690Cities 20212021863498ZinacantepecMexicoLatin America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Target setting5.0bPlease provide details of your total fixed level target(s).1Sector0Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677691Cities 2021202155164City of ToyotaJapanEast Asia5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.2Action title12次世代自動車の普及、燃費改善01/20/2022 02:27:05
677692Cities 2021202154088City of Peterborough, ONCanadaNorth America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.7Please explain any excluded sources, identify any emissions covered under an ETS and provide any other comments25Total AFOLUQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677693Cities 20212021826407Munícipio de MirandelaPortugalEurope4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.1Direct emissions (metric tonnes CO2e)9Transportation > RailQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677694Cities 2021202154318Government of Tangerang CityIndonesiaSoutheast Asia and Oceania4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.7Please explain any excluded sources, identify any emissions covered under an ETS and provide any other comments24AFOLU > Other AFOLUQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677695Cities 2021202150384Prefeitura de FlorianópolisBrazilLatin America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.6If you have no emissions occurring outside the city boundary to report as a result of in-city activities, please select a notation key to explain why20IPPU > Product use01/20/2022 02:27:05
677696Cities 2021202159644City of Culver City, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.10Timescale of reduction / savings / energy production3Per year01/20/2022 02:27:05
677697Cities 2021202174338Yala City MunicipalityThailandEast Asia5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Target setting5.0cPlease provide details of your total city-wide base year intensity target. An intensity target is usually measured per capita or per unit GDP. If you have an absolute emissions reduction target, please select “Base year emissions (absolute) target” in question 5.0.10Percentage reduction target in emissions intensity0Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
677698Cities 2021202143912City of Edmonton, ABCanadaNorth America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.2If you have no direct emissions to report, please select a notation key to explain why3Stationary energy > Institutional buildings & facilitiesIE01/20/2022 02:27:05
677699Cities 2021202144080City of KitakyushuJapanEast Asia5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.11Co-benefit area3Promote circular economy01/20/2022 02:27:05
677700Cities 2021202152897City of Aspen, COUnited States of AmericaNorth America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6eWhere it will facilitate a greater understanding of your city-wide emissions, please provide a breakdown of these emissions by the US Community Protocol sources.4Emissions (metric tonnes CO2e)0Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05

About

Profile Picture Tim

created Sep 7 2021

updated Jan 20 2022

Description

This data is collected through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System. When using this data, please cite both organisations using the following wording: ‘This data was collected in partnership by CDP and ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability’.
This dataset contains a subset of the related full cities dataset, covering GHG emissions inventory and mitigation action questions for publicly disclosing cities in 2021. The platform is still open and the dataset is updated daily to reflect new submissions.
To view the cities 2021 questionnaire guidance, including all questions asked to cities in 2021, visit https://www.cdp.net/en/guidance/guidance-for-cities.
For any questions, including guidance on how to reference this data in your own work, please contact cities@cdp.net.
Please note that this dataset may contain data from cities or, in some instances, groups of cities at different administrative levels. This includes metropolitan areas, combined authorities, and some regional councils.
When using the inventory data for aggregation, comparison and trend analysis, please note that the inventory data is based on non-verified self-reported city inputs. The reported inventory may not include all emission sources within the city boundary.

Activity
Community Rating
Current value: 0 out of 5
Raters
0
Visits
2753
Downloads
70
Comments
0
Contributors
0
Meta
Category
Governance
Permissions
Public
Tags
2021, cities, emissions, mitigation
SODA2 Only
Yes
Licensing and Attribution
Data Provided By
(none)
Source Link
(none)
License Type
License Type
CDP Open Database License

Filter

  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;

Sort

  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;

Search

Post a Comment

Comments

  • Total Comments: 0
  • Average Rating: 0.0

Sharing

This view is public

Publishing

See Preview