Go back to the interactive dataset

2021 Cities - Emissions and Mitigation

This is a filtered view based on 2021 Full Cities Dataset.

Row numberQuestionnaireYear Reported to CDPAccount NumberOrganizationCountryCDP RegionParent SectionSectionQuestion NumberQuestion NameColumn NumberColumn NameRow NumberRow NameResponse AnswerCommentsFile NameLast update
118551Cities 20212021840178Michuhol-gu District of IncheonRepublic of KoreaEast Asia4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.5Emissions occurring outside the city boundary as a result of in-city activities (metric tonnes CO2e)21Total IPPUQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118552Cities 2021202135910Pune Municipal CorporationIndiaSouth and West Asia4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.4If you have no indirect emissions to report, please select a notation key to explain why28Generation of grid-supplied energy > Heat/cold generationQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118553Cities 2021202150203Gaziantep Metropolitan MunicipalityTurkeyEurope5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.23Attach reference document21Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118554Cities 2021202150562City of Chula Vista, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America7. Local Government EmissionsLocal Government Operations GHG Emissions Data7.5Please give the total amount of fuel (refers to Scope 1 emissions) that your local government has consumed this year.1Source4Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118555Cities 2021202150545City of Henderson, NVUnited States of AmericaNorth America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.5Emissions occurring outside the city boundary as a result of in-city activities (metric tonnes CO2e)16Waste > Incineration and open burningQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118556Cities 2021202119233Município de Torres VedrasPortugalEurope5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.12Action description and implementation progress1Projeto Agostinhas -A bicicleta é uma opção de transporte urbano rápida e flexível. Contribui para a intermodalidade entre meios de tranporte, é saudável, prática e acessível à maioria da população, sem consumo de combustíveis fósseis, sem emissões atmosféricas, com baixos níveis de ruído e ocupando um reduzido espaço público.Em Torres Vedras o município disponibiliza um sistema de aluguer de bicicletas públicas - "Agostinhas". A seleção do nome "Agostinhas" consiste numa homenagem ao ilustre ciclista torriense Joaquim Agostinho.As "Agostinhas" estão distribuídas por Estações de Bicicletas Públicas distribuídas pela Cidade de Torres Vedras, junto às escolas, áreas comerciais e serviços públicos, disponibilizando bicicletas standart a pedal e elétricas. Encontram-se também disponíveis bicicletas com cadeiras para crianças e cestos de transporte de pequenos objetos. Para utilizar a "Agostinha" é necessário um registo prévio, com atribuição do cartão de adesão. O destaque da bicicleta nas estações é realizado através deste cartão com tecnologia de proximidade. O software Bicicard permite a consulta da disponibilidade de bicicletas nas estações a partir de um computador ou telemóvel com acesso à internet, em www.agostinhas-tvedras.pt. Este projeto começou em 2013 com 11 estações, em 2014 ampliado para 14 estações e em 2019 ampliado para 20 estações.Para a implementação do Plano de Ação para a Sustentabilidade Energética (PASE) de Torres Vedras foram definidas 61 iniciativas, divididas pelos 5 eixos de intervenção:1- Redução da dependência de combustíveis fósseis (incluindo transportes e Equipamentos Públicos) - 21 iniciativas2 - Aumento da utilização das energias renováveis (incluindo Edifícios Públicos e Edifícios Privados) 4 iniciativas3 - Promoção da eficiência energética (incluindo Edifícios e Iluminação Pública) - 18 iniciativas4 - Comunicação, sensibilização e informação (incluindo Edifícios, Indústria e Transportes) - 9 iniciativas5 - Outros - 9 iniciativasPara cada iniciativa, foi identificado o período de Execução, Previsão dos montantes (€), Economia de Consumos (tep/ano) e Estimativa de redução de Emissões de CO2 (ton/ano).01/20/2022 02:27:05
118557Cities 2021202158621Town of Blacksburg, VAUnited States of AmericaNorth America7. Local Government EmissionsLocal Government Operations GHG Emissions Data7.7bPlease explain why you do not measure your local government Scope 3 emissions and detail your plans to do so in the future, if any.2Please explain1Please explainQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118558Cities 2021202136493Comune di PescaraItalyEurope4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.1Direct emissions (metric tonnes CO2e)8Transportation > On-road01/20/2022 02:27:05
118559Cities 2021202158569City of PodgoricaMontenegroEurope5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Target setting5.0aPlease provide details of your total city-wide base year emissions reduction (absolute) target(s). In addition, you may add rows to provide details of your sector-specific targets, by providing the base year emissions specific to that target.5Base year1200801/20/2022 02:27:05
118560Cities 2021202131146Addis Ababa City AdministrationEthiopiaAfrica4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.6If you have no emissions occurring outside the city boundary to report as a result of in-city activities, please select a notation key to explain why24AFOLU > Other AFOLUNO01/20/2022 02:27:05
118561Cities 2021202143975Municipalidad de Magdalena del MarPeruLatin America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Planning5.5bPlease explain why you do not have a city climate change mitigation plan and any future plans to create one.2Comment1Please explainQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118562Cities 20212021845130Prefeitura de CanápolisBrazilLatin America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.4If you have no indirect emissions to report, please select a notation key to explain why10Transportation > Waterborne navigationQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118563Cities 2021202158391Maribyrnong City CouncilAustraliaSoutheast Asia and Oceania5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.2Action title9Community education on sustainable food consumption01/20/2022 02:27:05
118564Cities 2021202158591City of Greenbelt, MDUnited States of AmericaNorth America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Target setting5.0aPlease provide details of your total city-wide base year emissions reduction (absolute) target(s). In addition, you may add rows to provide details of your sector-specific targets, by providing the base year emissions specific to that target.10Target year absolute emissions (metric tonnes CO2e) [Auto-calculated]13115.201/20/2022 02:27:05
118565Cities 2021202159532City of Hoboken, NJUnited States of AmericaNorth America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.4If you have no indirect emissions to report, please select a notation key to explain why27Generation of grid-supplied energy > CHP generationQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118566Cities 20212021834313Municipality of TópagaColombiaLatin America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.2If you have no direct emissions to report, please select a notation key to explain why13Total Transport01/20/2022 02:27:05
118567Cities 20212021848138Prefeitura de Conde (Paraíba)BrazilLatin America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.6End year of action001/20/2022 02:27:05
118568Cities 2021202154100City of Columbia, MOUnited States of AmericaNorth America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Target setting5.0dPlease provide details of your total city-wide baseline scenario target(s), including projected business as usual emissions.10Percentage reduction target from business as usual0Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118569Cities 2021202151075City of ShenzhenChinaEast Asia5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.9Renewable energy production (MWh)701/20/2022 02:27:05
118570Cities 2021202135870City of Miami, FLUnited States of AmericaNorth America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.3Means of implementation1Financial mechanism01/20/2022 02:27:05
118571Cities 2021202154364City of Kuala LumpurMalaysiaSoutheast Asia and Oceania7. Local Government EmissionsLocal Government Operations GHG Emissions Data7.1Please state the dates of the accounting year or 12-month period for which you are reporting an emissions inventory for your local government operations.1From1Accounting year dates2017-01-0101/20/2022 02:27:05
118572Cities 2021202160546Nanjing Municipal People's GovernmentChinaEast Asia4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.4Which gases are included in your city-wide emissions inventory?00CH401/20/2022 02:27:05
118573Cities 2021202131090District of Columbia, DCUnited States of AmericaNorth America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.9Renewable energy production (MWh)2001/20/2022 02:27:05
118574Cities 2021202154037City of Des Moines, IAUnited States of AmericaNorth America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.14Total cost of the project54311401/20/2022 02:27:05
118575Cities 20212021863255Municipio de Tierras AltasPanamaLatin America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.7Please explain any excluded sources, identify any emissions covered under an ETS and provide any other comments28Generation of grid-supplied energy > Heat/cold generationQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118576Cities 2021202136492Comune di ParmaItalyEurope4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.1Direct emissions (metric tonnes CO2e)11Transportation > Aviation001/20/2022 02:27:05
118577Cities 2021202154105City of Duluth, MNUnited States of AmericaNorth America1. Governance and Data ManagementGovernance1.6Please provide information on the overall impact of COVID-19 on climate action in your city.2Comment1ResponseCOVID-19 revealed social/economic vulnerabilities, which could be exacerbated by climate change too.01/20/2022 02:27:05
118578Cities 202120211093City of Atlanta, GAUnited States of AmericaNorth America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.7Please explain any excluded sources, identify any emissions covered under an ETS and provide any other comments15Waste > Biological treatment01/20/2022 02:27:05
118579Cities 2021202135872Municipality of RecifeBrazilLatin America4. City-wide EmissionsGCoM Emission Factor and Activity Data4.14aPlease provide a summary of emissions factors and activity data used in your inventory.2Category19Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118580Cities 2021202154390Hsinchu County GovernmentTaiwan, Greater ChinaEast Asia5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Target setting5.0cPlease provide details of your total city-wide base year intensity target. An intensity target is usually measured per capita or per unit GDP. If you have an absolute emissions reduction target, please select “Base year emissions (absolute) target” in question 5.0.15Does this target align with the global 1.5 - 2 °C pathway set out in the Paris agreement?101/20/2022 02:27:05
118581Cities 2021202154110City of Santa Monica, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.15Total cost provided by the local government201/20/2022 02:27:05
118582Cities 2021202173746ProbolinggoIndonesiaSoutheast Asia and Oceania4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.4Which gases are included in your city-wide emissions inventory?00CH401/20/2022 02:27:05
118583Cities 2021202154084City of Guelph, ONCanadaNorth America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.18Web link to action website1The update to our Community Energy Plan is being completed in two phases, with the first being a baseline and business-as-usual emissions study and community-wide target. Phase 2 will identify the specific actions that will be required to attain the target.01/20/2022 02:27:05
118584Cities 20212021859173Okagaki TownJapanEast Asia4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.2If you have no direct emissions to report, please select a notation key to explain why8Transportation > On-roadQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118585Cities 2021202154253Wollongong City CouncilAustraliaSoutheast Asia and Oceania5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.14Total cost of the project3501/20/2022 02:27:05
118586Cities 2021202173734EnvigadoColombiaLatin America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.2If you have no direct emissions to report, please select a notation key to explain why3Stationary energy > Institutional buildings & facilities01/20/2022 02:27:05
118587Cities 2021202154537Sunderland City CouncilUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandEurope5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.9Renewable energy production (MWh)701/20/2022 02:27:05
118588Cities 20212021859055Masaki TownJapanEast Asia5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Target setting5.0dPlease provide details of your total city-wide baseline scenario target(s), including projected business as usual emissions.8Target year0Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118589Cities 2021202135912Surat Municipal CorporationIndiaSouth and West Asia5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.7Estimated emissions reduction (metric tonnes CO2e)35001/20/2022 02:27:05
118590Cities 2021202174531Santa Fe County, NMUnited States of AmericaNorth America4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.2If you have no direct emissions to report, please select a notation key to explain why31Total Emissions (excluding generation of grid-supplied energy)Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118591Cities 2021202131056Edinburgh City CouncilUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandEurope5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Target setting5.0cPlease provide details of your total city-wide base year intensity target. An intensity target is usually measured per capita or per unit GDP. If you have an absolute emissions reduction target, please select “Base year emissions (absolute) target” in question 5.0.4Explanation of boundary choice where the assessment boundary differs from the city boundary0Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118592Cities 2021202173755Legazpi CityPhilippinesSoutheast Asia and Oceania5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.22Aim of the engagement activities9Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118593Cities 20212021862468Borlänge kommunSwedenEurope4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.6aThe Global Covenant of Mayors requires committed cities to report their inventories in the format of the new Common Reporting Framework, to encourage standard reporting of emissions data. Please provide a breakdown of your city-wide emissions by sector and sub-sector in the table below. Where emissions data is not available, please use the relevant notation keys to explain the reason why.3Indirect emissions from the use of grid-supplied electricity, heat, steam and/or cooling (metric tonnes CO2e)26Generation of grid-supplied energy > Electricity-only generation01/20/2022 02:27:05
118594Cities 2021202173802CrespoArgentinaLatin America7. Local Government EmissionsLocal Government Operations GHG Emissions Data7.1Please state the dates of the accounting year or 12-month period for which you are reporting an emissions inventory for your local government operations.2To1Accounting year datesQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118595Cities 2021202137241City of Berkeley, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America4. City-wide EmissionsGCoM Emission Factor and Activity Data4.14aPlease provide a summary of emissions factors and activity data used in your inventory.9Volume of fuel used or activity level (reported in the same units as emissions factor denominator)18Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118596Cities 2021202174594City of Boynton Beach, FLUnited States of AmericaNorth America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.5Start year of action1501/20/2022 02:27:05
118597Cities 20212021859169Kuroshio TownJapanEast Asia4. City-wide EmissionsCity-wide GHG Emissions Data4.7If the submitted GHG inventory is baseline inventory for target setting, please provide the Baseline Synthesis Report and stakeholder consultation process and results to this inventory.4Stakeholder consultation reference document for this inventory, including consultation process and results1Please completeQuestion not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118598Cities 2021202154124City of Fremont, CAUnited States of AmericaNorth America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.3Means of implementation7Stakeholder engagement01/20/2022 02:27:05
118599Cities 2021202154341Toyama CityJapanEast Asia5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Actions5.4Describe the anticipated outcomes of the most impactful mitigation actions your city is currently undertaking; the total cost of the action and how much is being funded by the local government.20Role in the GCC program18Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05
118600Cities 2021202154614Prefeitura da Cidade de São José do Rio PretoBrazilLatin America5. Emissions ReductionMitigation Target setting5.0cPlease provide details of your total city-wide base year intensity target. An intensity target is usually measured per capita or per unit GDP. If you have an absolute emissions reduction target, please select “Base year emissions (absolute) target” in question 5.0.4Explanation of boundary choice where the assessment boundary differs from the city boundary0Question not applicable01/20/2022 02:27:05

About

Profile Picture Tim

created Sep 7 2021

updated Jan 20 2022

Description

This data is collected through the CDP-ICLEI Unified Reporting System. When using this data, please cite both organisations using the following wording: ‘This data was collected in partnership by CDP and ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability’.
This dataset contains a subset of the related full cities dataset, covering GHG emissions inventory and mitigation action questions for publicly disclosing cities in 2021. The platform is still open and the dataset is updated daily to reflect new submissions.
To view the cities 2021 questionnaire guidance, including all questions asked to cities in 2021, visit https://www.cdp.net/en/guidance/guidance-for-cities.
For any questions, including guidance on how to reference this data in your own work, please contact cities@cdp.net.
Please note that this dataset may contain data from cities or, in some instances, groups of cities at different administrative levels. This includes metropolitan areas, combined authorities, and some regional councils.
When using the inventory data for aggregation, comparison and trend analysis, please note that the inventory data is based on non-verified self-reported city inputs. The reported inventory may not include all emission sources within the city boundary.

Activity
Community Rating
Current value: 0 out of 5
Raters
0
Visits
2750
Downloads
70
Comments
0
Contributors
0
Meta
Category
Governance
Permissions
Public
Tags
2021, cities, emissions, mitigation
SODA2 Only
Yes
Licensing and Attribution
Data Provided By
(none)
Source Link
(none)
License Type
License Type
CDP Open Database License

Filter

  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;

Sort

  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;
  • ;

Search

Post a Comment

Comments

  • Total Comments: 0
  • Average Rating: 0.0

Sharing

This view is public

Publishing

See Preview