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2017 Cities Water Risks

Row numberAccount NoOrganisationCityCountryRegionAccessC40Reporting yearRisks to city’s water supply​TimescaleMagnitudeRisk descriptionCurrent populationPopulation yearCity locationCountry location
60149360Pretoria - TshwanePretoria - TshwaneSouth AfricaAfricaPublicC402017Increased water stress or scarcityShort-termExtremely seriousThe city is 100% relient on imported water from other areas, there is no city based catchment area. The reduced stream flow from the city's two main river systems present a critical challnge and the insufficient capacity of existing dams is an additional risk factor33000002017(-25.746111°, 28.188056°)(-30.559482°, 22.937506°)
60249360Pretoria - TshwanePretoria - TshwaneSouth AfricaAfricaPublicC402017Inadequate or aging infrastructureCurrentExtremely seriousAs a result of the historical spatial design of the city, the infrastructure was meant to serve the minority of the population. with the advent of the democratic government 21 years ago, more and more people have found residence into the city and the existing infrastructure was not built to sustin these high numbers and it is beginning to show strain througb a number of pipe bursts, blockages and general wear and tear.33000002017(-25.746111°, 28.188056°)(-30.559482°, 22.937506°)
60331169Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionHong KongHong KongEast AsiaPublicC402017OtherLong-termSeriousLong term – Currently, about 20 - 30% of freshwater water supply in Hong Kong comes from the local catchment and the remaining 70% to 80% is imported from Dongjiang (DJ) in Guangdong Province under a "Package deal lump sum" agreement, based on which an annual lump sum payment is made to the Guangdong authorities in exchange for a reliable and flexible supply of DJ water up to an annual supply ceiling of 820 million m3. Besides, 1,100 million m3 has been allocated and reserved for Hong Kong to meet its long term needs. Since 1950s, Water Supplies Department has been supplying seawater for toilet flushing. Currently, the network has covered about 85% of the population in Hong Kong. It saves about 270 million m3 of freshwater every year. With this three-pronged water supply system, we should be able to maintain the reliability level of water supply in Hong Kong not lower than 99% in the short to medium term. In the long-run, the water resources and security in Hong Kong face a number of uncertainties descripted in the Risk Description below. Serious - Hong Kong is an international city. Reliable water supply is essential to its daily operation and sustainable development. However, Hong Kong currently has two freshwater sources, local yield and DJ water, both of which are vulnerable to climate change impacts. In case of severe droughts, we may not able to meet the 99% reliability requirement. Risk Description - Water resources in Hong Kong is subject to a number of uncertainties and challenges including severe droughts arising from climate changes and continuous increase in water demand due to population growth.73366002016(22.2880809°, 114.1398015°)(22.396428°, 114.109497°)
60431169Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionHong KongHong KongEast AsiaPublicC402017Inadequate or aging infrastructureMedium-termLess seriousRisk Description and Medium term – Hong Kong's fresh water and salt water supplies are provided through a network of about 7 800 kilometres of water mains. Most of these water mains are underground with some portion being laid more than 30 years ago. Such water mains are progressively approaching the end of their service life and have become increasingly difficult and costly to maintain. Therefore, the timescale for the risk will be “Medium term”. Less serious - As a result of the ageing problem, we are facing an increasing number of main bursts and leakage cases that have caused inconvenience to the public and resulted in water loss. That said, such situation would not cast water supply crisis and their impact would be “Less serious”.73366002016(22.2880809°, 114.1398015°)(22.396428°, 114.109497°)
60531166Jakarta City GovernmentJakarta IndonesiaSouth Asia and OceaniaPublicC402017Increased water stress or scarcityCurrentSeriousScarcity of clean water, especially in areas near the coast of North Jakarta and West Jakarta101559022017(-6.1751°, 106.865°)(-0.7893°, -113.9213°)
60631166Jakarta City GovernmentJakarta IndonesiaSouth Asia and OceaniaPublicC402017FloodingCurrentExtremely seriousIncreased frequency of rain affecting the area increased inundation area / flood101559022017(-6.1751°, 106.865°)(-0.7893°, -113.9213°)
60731166Jakarta City GovernmentJakarta IndonesiaSouth Asia and OceaniaPublicC402017OtherLong-termLess seriousNeed for clean water is increasing resulting in increased demand for clean water that affect the price101559022017(-6.1751°, 106.865°)(-0.7893°, -113.9213°)
60854348The Local Government of Quezon CityQuezon PhilippinesSouth Asia and OceaniaPublicC402017OtherCurrentSerious30054132017(15.6835°, 120.86176°)(12.879721°, 121.774017°)
60954348The Local Government of Quezon CityQuezon PhilippinesSouth Asia and OceaniaPublicC402017OtherCurrentSerious30054132017(15.6835°, 120.86176°)(12.879721°, 121.774017°)
61054348The Local Government of Quezon CityQuezon PhilippinesSouth Asia and OceaniaPublicC402017OtherCurrentSerious30054132017(15.6835°, 120.86176°)(12.879721°, 121.774017°)
61135905Corporation of ChennaiChennaiIndiaSouth and West AsiaPublicC402017OtherShort-termSeriousSevere ground water extraction has reduced the level of the ground water table.76000002016(13.099202°, 80.242513°)(20.5937°, 78.9629°)
61235905Corporation of ChennaiChennaiIndiaSouth and West AsiaPublicC402017Inadequate or aging infrastructureShort-termSeriousThe primary distribution infrastructure is very old and leads to leaks causing increased delivery losses.76000002016(13.099202°, 80.242513°)(20.5937°, 78.9629°)
6133422Greater London AuthorityLondon United KingdomEuropePublicC402017Other CurrentSeriousChanges to the seasonality of rainfall is likely to mean that London water supply/demand balance will become increasingly precarious, requiring the imposition of more frequent and longer-lasting water restrictions. For example, in early 2012 London experienced a drought. By the spring there were water use restrictions, which ended during the summer with very wet weather. London's population is forecast to grow by approx 3 million more people by 2050. This will increase demand over a period which we need to reduce abstraction, resulting in a projected net deficit of 520m litres per day if no action is taken. The Mayor is working with London's 4 water companies to identify supply and demand management measures to manage the deficit.86000002015(51.504858°, -0.078689°)(55.378051°, -3.435973°)
6143422Greater London AuthorityLondon United KingdomEuropePublicC402017Inadequate or aging infrastructureCurrentSeriousHalf of London's water mains pipe infrastructure is over 100 years old and a third is over a 150 years old. London has a high level of leakage with around a quarter of London's water lost. Increased population and heavy rainfall will further burden a drainage system that is in places already at capacity.86000002015(51.504858°, -0.078689°)(55.378051°, -3.435973°)
6153422Greater London AuthorityLondon United KingdomEuropePublicC402017FloodingCurrentSeriousLondon is vulnerable to tidal, river, surface water, groundwater and sewer flooding. Whilst the risk of tidal flooding is very low, 14,000 properties are at high risk (0.33% annual probability) of fluvial flooding and 140,000 properties are at high risk of surface water flooding. London has experienced localised flooding in 2000, 01, 03, 06, 07, 14 and 16.86000002015(51.504858°, -0.078689°)(55.378051°, -3.435973°)
61631163Istanbul Metropolitan MunicipalityIstanbul TurkeyEuropePublicC402017Increased water stress or scarcityMedium-termSeriousPopulation growth and prolongation of dry season will create pressure on wetar resources.148041162016(41.0082°, 28.9784°)(38.963745°, 35.243322°)
61731163Istanbul Metropolitan MunicipalityIstanbul TurkeyEuropePublicC402017FloodingMedium-termLess seriousAnticipated heavy rains will cause flooding.148041162016(41.0082°, 28.9784°)(38.963745°, 35.243322°)
61831163Istanbul Metropolitan MunicipalityIstanbul TurkeyEuropePublicC402017Higher water pricesLong-termLess seriousPressures on water resources are expected to increase water prices.148041162016(41.0082°, 28.9784°)(38.963745°, 35.243322°)
61913067City of New OrleansNew OrleansUSANorth AmericaPublicC402017OtherShort-termSeriousThe City experiences a great deal of subsidence and is already largely below sea level. All water must be pumped and therefore flooding is a risk continuously managed.3914952017(29.9511°, -90.0715°)(37.09024°, -95.712891°)
62013067City of New OrleansNew OrleansUSANorth AmericaPublicC402017Inadequate or aging infrastructureLong-termSeriousThe city has aging and very energy dependent water infrastructure. It must be continuously maintained and upgraded.3914952017(29.9511°, -90.0715°)(37.09024°, -95.712891°)
62131159Alcaldía Metropolitana de CaracasCaracasVenezuelaLatin AmericaPublicC402017Increased water stress or scarcityLong-termSeriousAs far as climate change increases temperature, risk of water scarcity will be more evident. Venezuela has very large water supply sources, but these are located far from Caracas. A future scenario of water scarcity will oblige water recycle and the development of new water supply systems.35185902015(10.4696404°, -66.8037185°)(6.42375°, -66.58973°)
62231159Alcaldía Metropolitana de CaracasCaracasVenezuelaLatin AmericaPublicC402017Inadequate or aging infrastructureCurrentLess seriousAging infrastructure is already a risk related more to the water treatment plants for drinking water than the aqueduct. This is a risk in common for various cities in Venezuela, and a national plan for infrastructure modernization is being conducted by the national government.35185902015(10.4696404°, -66.8037185°)(6.42375°, -66.58973°)
62335893City of Dar es SalaamDar es SalaamUnited Republic of TanzaniaAfricaPublicC402017OtherCurrentLess seriousDemand is higher than supply43645412012(-6.792354°, 39.208328°)(-6.369028°, 34.888822°)
62435893City of Dar es SalaamDar es SalaamUnited Republic of TanzaniaAfricaPublicC402017OtherCurrentSeriousLeakage, wastage and contamination of water before reaching consumers43645412012(-6.792354°, 39.208328°)(-6.369028°, 34.888822°)
62531158Hanoi CityHanoiVietnamSouth Asia and OceaniaPublicC402017OtherCurrentLess serious75589652015(21.0258°, 105.814607°)(14.058324°, 108.277199°)
62631158Hanoi CityHanoiVietnamSouth Asia and OceaniaPublicC402017OtherCurrentLess serious75589652015(21.0258°, 105.814607°)(14.058324°, 108.277199°)
62731158Hanoi CityHanoiVietnamSouth Asia and OceaniaPublicC402017Inadequate or aging infrastructureCurrentSeriousIt happen in rainy season in the places which the drainage system is not good or overload75589652015(21.0258°, 105.814607°)(14.058324°, 108.277199°)
6281499Ajuntament de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpainEuropePublicC402017Increased water stress or scarcityCurrentExtremely seriousThe downscaling of the climate projections at a local scale developed under the Resilience and Adaptation Plan show that the rainfall reduction can be of 14% per annum in 2100 (RCP 4.5) or 26% (RCP 8.5). Referring to the temperature, it can increase 1.7ºC in 2100 (RCP 4.5) or 3ºC (RCP 8.5). We expect heat waves.16087462016(41.382271°, 2.177506°)(40.463667°, -3.74922°)
6291499Ajuntament de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpainEuropePublicC402017Declining water qualityMedium-termLess seriousA reduction in water resources availability can also lead to a deterioration of its quality, for a lower dilution of pollutants effect and / or higher salt intrusion in coastal aquifers duethe increase in sea level (European Environment Agency , 2007) , and this in turn can lead to adifficulties and costs to ensure greater quality urban supplies.The downscaling of the climate projections at a local scale developed under the Resilience and Adaptation Plan show that the rainfall’s intensity will be increased. It can cause dysfunctions in the drainage system and direct discharges to the sea and affect the sea wàter quality. In addition, the increase in sea level can cause dysfunctions in the overflows too.16087462016(41.382271°, 2.177506°)(40.463667°, -3.74922°)
6301499Ajuntament de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpainEuropePublicC402017FloodingCurrentLess seriousIn terms of water supply, rivers floods could affect water catchment facilities. Inside the city, Barcelona could be affected by floods because of lack of drainage capacity in some critical points in lower zones of the city.The downscaling of the climate projections at a local scale developed under the Resilience and Adaptation Plan show that it is expected a Increased rainfall intensity and concentration of extreme events.16087462016(41.382271°, 2.177506°)(40.463667°, -3.74922°)
63131149City of AthensAthensGreeceEuropePublicC402017Increased water stress or scarcityMedium-termSeriousAccording to studies, the overall amount of annual rainfall will decrease, meaning that there will be increased stress to the water recipients that provide Athens with water. Drought phenomena will be more frequent due to this change.6640462011(37.98381°, 23.727539°)(39.074208°, 21.824312°)
63231149City of AthensAthensGreeceEuropePublicC402017FloodingMedium-termSeriousAlthough the annual rainfall is expected to decrease, the days with increased intense rainfall will be more frequent. As a result, there are areas within the City of Athens that will face flood incidents. These need to be dealt with respective measures.6640462011(37.98381°, 23.727539°)(39.074208°, 21.824312°)
63335858City of Cape TownCape TownSouth AfricaAfricaPublicC402017Increased water stress or scarcityCurrentExtremely seriousThe City has generally been able to successfully manage and reduce demand growth, however Cape Town is currently suffering from a drought lasting several years (currently in year 3) which has severely impacted on the City's water storage. Stringent level 3b water restrictions have been put in place to reduce demand further. It is anticipated that in the longer term, water demand will continue to grow and place stress on the supply system. The City is currently conducting cooperative planning with the national Department of Water and Sanitation to ensure that additional water supply infrastructure is constructed to avoid a long-term water deficit in the region. Climate change is expected to change rainfall patterns, and this has been included as a scenario in the planning for future infrastructure. Climate change is expected to reduce rainfall, increase evaporation and increase demand due to increased temperature. The region is known to experience droughts and climate change is likely to make these more intense and frequent.40124412016(-33.9253°, 18.4239°)(-30.559482°, 22.937506°)
63435858City of Cape TownCape TownSouth AfricaAfricaPublicC402017Increased water stress or scarcityCurrentExtremely serious(Item is copied multiple times in order that the table in Q9.1 can reflect multiple adaptation actions undertaken for the water scarcity risks)40124412016(-33.9253°, 18.4239°)(-30.559482°, 22.937506°)
63535858City of Cape TownCape TownSouth AfricaAfricaPublicC402017Increased water stress or scarcityCurrentExtremely serious(Item is copied multiple times in order that the table in Q9.1 can reflect multiple adaptation actions undertaken for the water scarcity risks)40124412016(-33.9253°, 18.4239°)(-30.559482°, 22.937506°)
63635858City of Cape TownCape TownSouth AfricaAfricaPublicC402017Increased water stress or scarcityCurrentExtremely serious(Item is copied multiple times in order that the table in Q9.1 can reflect multiple adaptation actions undertaken for the water scarcity risks)40124412016(-33.9253°, 18.4239°)(-30.559482°, 22.937506°)
63735858City of Cape TownCape TownSouth AfricaAfricaPublicC402017Increased water stress or scarcityCurrentExtremely serious(Item is copied multiple times in order that the table in Q 9.1 can reflect multiple adaptation actions undertaken for the water scarcity risks)40124412016(-33.9253°, 18.4239°)(-30.559482°, 22.937506°)
63835863City of DurbanDurbanSouth AfricaAfricaPublicC402017Inadequate or aging infrastructureLong-termSeriousVulnerability of the Central Sewage Treatment Works.37000002016(-29.8586804°, 31.0218404°)(-30.559482°, 22.937506°)
63935863City of DurbanDurbanSouth AfricaAfricaPublicC402017Inadequate or aging infrastructureSeriousaging infrastructure and a growing population requiring servicing mean that wastewater incursions into water supply are becoming more frequent with serious water quality impacts.37000002016(-29.8586804°, 31.0218404°)(-30.559482°, 22.937506°)
64031167City of LagosLagosNigeriaAfricaPublicC402017FloodingCurrentSeriousDamage to property, Loss of infrastructure and Human Life,Disruption of economic activities.210000002017(6.524379°, 3.379206°)(9.081999°, 8.675277°)
64131167City of LagosLagosNigeriaAfricaPublicC402017Inadequate or aging infrastructureCurrentSeriousReduction in quantity of water available for domestic, industrial and commercial use.Over abstraction of ground water from aquifers210000002017(6.524379°, 3.379206°)(9.081999°, 8.675277°)
64231167City of LagosLagosNigeriaAfricaPublicC402017Declining water qualityCurrentSeriousRelease of untreated wastewater from industries into lagoons and lakesSome amounts of wastes and plastics finds its way to rivers, lakes and lagoons210000002017(6.524379°, 3.379206°)(9.081999°, 8.675277°)
64331167City of LagosLagosNigeriaAfricaPublicC402017Water lossesCurrentExtremely seriousWastewater treatment plants available are not sufficient to treat wastewater for the whole city210000002017(6.524379°, 3.379206°)(9.081999°, 8.675277°)
64431167City of LagosLagosNigeriaAfricaPublicC402017Water lossesMedium-termExtremely seriousMismanagement of water resources such as leaking taps could lead to scarcity of water availability210000002017(6.524379°, 3.379206°)(9.081999°, 8.675277°)
64514088City of OsloOsloNorwayEuropePublicC402017Increased water stress or scarcityLong-termExtremely seriousOslo is in a vulnerable position as it experiences a period of high population growth with increasing water supply demands, at the same time it is dependent on few water sources. 90% of Oslo's drinking water is supplied from one source (Lake Maridalen) and one water treatment plant (Oset). The remaining 10% comes from another nearby lake/treatment plan (Lake Elvåga/Skullerud) In addition periods of drought in summer might affect the capacity of water supply. A risk assessment for water supply is on-going, so awaits improved information on this topic.6583902016(59.9138688°, 10.7522454°)(60.472024°, 8.468946°)
64614088City of OsloOsloNorwayEuropePublicC402017Declining water qualityLong-termSeriousIncreased temperatures and heavy rain will increase pollution of water. A risk assessment for water supply is on-going, so awaits improved information on this topic.6583902016(59.9138688°, 10.7522454°)(60.472024°, 8.468946°)
64731175City of ParisParisFranceEuropePublicC402017Increased water stress or scarcityLong-termSeriousOnly in conditions of more frequent and intense droughts + changes in rainfall patterns in the second part of the 21st century.22658862015(48.856614°, 2.3522219°)(46.227638°, 2.213749°)
64831175City of ParisParisFranceEuropePublicC402017Declining water qualityShort-termSeriousThere are already problems of water quality ongoing, however this risk might be enhanced in the long term if less water is available.22658862015(48.856614°, 2.3522219°)(46.227638°, 2.213749°)
64931175City of ParisParisFranceEuropePublicC402017FloodingCurrentSeriousRisks of flooding for Paris would be very serious, however, the climate change impact on the occurrence and intensity of flooding for Paris is not obvious.22658862015(48.856614°, 2.3522219°)(46.227638°, 2.213749°)
6503429City of StockholmStockholmSwedenEuropePublicC402017Declining water qualityMedium-termLess seriousIncreased risk of contaminated drinking water. The city's water will require more treatments when the water is contaminated with higher concentrations of algae and particles.9235162015(59.3293235°, 18.0685808°)(60.128161°, 18.643501°)

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created Aug 24 2017

updated Oct 4 2018

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CDP’s new infographic report ‘Who’s tackling urban water challenges’, produced in partnership with AECOM, the global infrastructure firm, and funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies, shows the first and most comprehensive dataset of global water action by cities and companies produced to date. Using information gathered from 569 cities and 1,432 companies, each reporting their water management activity, it illustrates how global cities and companies are responding to the escalating challenge of climate change and urban population growth.
The cities most concerned about their water supply lie in Asia and Oceania (84%); with serious risks also identified in Africa (80%) and Latin America (75%). 63% of North American cities deem climate change a risk to water supply, with fewer cities concerned in Europe (34%). 196 cities reported risks of water stress and scarcity; 132 a risk of declining water quality and 103 a risk of flooding.
Explore how cities and companies are acting on water, the CDP infographic report ‘Who’s in charge of Water Governance’, with case studies and full data is available at www.cdp.net/cities.

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