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2017 Cities Water Risks
| Row number | Account No | Organisation | City | Country | Region | Access | C40 | Reporting year | Risks to city’s water supply | Timescale | Magnitude | Risk description | Current population | Population year | City location | Country location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 601 | 49360 | Pretoria - Tshwane | Pretoria - Tshwane | South Africa | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Increased water stress or scarcity | Short-term | Extremely serious | The city is 100% relient on imported water from other areas, there is no city based catchment area. The reduced stream flow from the city's two main river systems present a critical challnge and the insufficient capacity of existing dams is an additional risk factor | 3300000 | 2017 | (-25.746111°, 28.188056°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 602 | 49360 | Pretoria - Tshwane | Pretoria - Tshwane | South Africa | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Inadequate or aging infrastructure | Current | Extremely serious | As a result of the historical spatial design of the city, the infrastructure was meant to serve the minority of the population. with the advent of the democratic government 21 years ago, more and more people have found residence into the city and the existing infrastructure was not built to sustin these high numbers and it is beginning to show strain througb a number of pipe bursts, blockages and general wear and tear. | 3300000 | 2017 | (-25.746111°, 28.188056°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 603 | 31169 | Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | East Asia | Public | C40 | 2017 | Other | Long-term | Serious | Long term – Currently, about 20 - 30% of freshwater water supply in Hong Kong comes from the local catchment and the remaining 70% to 80% is imported from Dongjiang (DJ) in Guangdong Province under a "Package deal lump sum" agreement, based on which an annual lump sum payment is made to the Guangdong authorities in exchange for a reliable and flexible supply of DJ water up to an annual supply ceiling of 820 million m3. Besides, 1,100 million m3 has been allocated and reserved for Hong Kong to meet its long term needs. Since 1950s, Water Supplies Department has been supplying seawater for toilet flushing. Currently, the network has covered about 85% of the population in Hong Kong. It saves about 270 million m3 of freshwater every year. With this three-pronged water supply system, we should be able to maintain the reliability level of water supply in Hong Kong not lower than 99% in the short to medium term. In the long-run, the water resources and security in Hong Kong face a number of uncertainties descripted in the Risk Description below. Serious - Hong Kong is an international city. Reliable water supply is essential to its daily operation and sustainable development. However, Hong Kong currently has two freshwater sources, local yield and DJ water, both of which are vulnerable to climate change impacts. In case of severe droughts, we may not able to meet the 99% reliability requirement. Risk Description - Water resources in Hong Kong is subject to a number of uncertainties and challenges including severe droughts arising from climate changes and continuous increase in water demand due to population growth. | 7336600 | 2016 | (22.2880809°, 114.1398015°) | (22.396428°, 114.109497°) |
| 604 | 31169 | Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | Hong Kong | Hong Kong | East Asia | Public | C40 | 2017 | Inadequate or aging infrastructure | Medium-term | Less serious | Risk Description and Medium term – Hong Kong's fresh water and salt water supplies are provided through a network of about 7 800 kilometres of water mains. Most of these water mains are underground with some portion being laid more than 30 years ago. Such water mains are progressively approaching the end of their service life and have become increasingly difficult and costly to maintain. Therefore, the timescale for the risk will be “Medium term”. Less serious - As a result of the ageing problem, we are facing an increasing number of main bursts and leakage cases that have caused inconvenience to the public and resulted in water loss. That said, such situation would not cast water supply crisis and their impact would be “Less serious”. | 7336600 | 2016 | (22.2880809°, 114.1398015°) | (22.396428°, 114.109497°) |
| 605 | 31166 | Jakarta City Government | Jakarta | Indonesia | South Asia and Oceania | Public | C40 | 2017 | Increased water stress or scarcity | Current | Serious | Scarcity of clean water, especially in areas near the coast of North Jakarta and West Jakarta | 10155902 | 2017 | (-6.1751°, 106.865°) | (-0.7893°, -113.9213°) |
| 606 | 31166 | Jakarta City Government | Jakarta | Indonesia | South Asia and Oceania | Public | C40 | 2017 | Flooding | Current | Extremely serious | Increased frequency of rain affecting the area increased inundation area / flood | 10155902 | 2017 | (-6.1751°, 106.865°) | (-0.7893°, -113.9213°) |
| 607 | 31166 | Jakarta City Government | Jakarta | Indonesia | South Asia and Oceania | Public | C40 | 2017 | Other | Long-term | Less serious | Need for clean water is increasing resulting in increased demand for clean water that affect the price | 10155902 | 2017 | (-6.1751°, 106.865°) | (-0.7893°, -113.9213°) |
| 608 | 54348 | The Local Government of Quezon City | Quezon | Philippines | South Asia and Oceania | Public | C40 | 2017 | Other | Current | Serious | 3005413 | 2017 | (15.6835°, 120.86176°) | (12.879721°, 121.774017°) | |
| 609 | 54348 | The Local Government of Quezon City | Quezon | Philippines | South Asia and Oceania | Public | C40 | 2017 | Other | Current | Serious | 3005413 | 2017 | (15.6835°, 120.86176°) | (12.879721°, 121.774017°) | |
| 610 | 54348 | The Local Government of Quezon City | Quezon | Philippines | South Asia and Oceania | Public | C40 | 2017 | Other | Current | Serious | 3005413 | 2017 | (15.6835°, 120.86176°) | (12.879721°, 121.774017°) | |
| 611 | 35905 | Corporation of Chennai | Chennai | India | South and West Asia | Public | C40 | 2017 | Other | Short-term | Serious | Severe ground water extraction has reduced the level of the ground water table. | 7600000 | 2016 | (13.099202°, 80.242513°) | (20.5937°, 78.9629°) |
| 612 | 35905 | Corporation of Chennai | Chennai | India | South and West Asia | Public | C40 | 2017 | Inadequate or aging infrastructure | Short-term | Serious | The primary distribution infrastructure is very old and leads to leaks causing increased delivery losses. | 7600000 | 2016 | (13.099202°, 80.242513°) | (20.5937°, 78.9629°) |
| 613 | 3422 | Greater London Authority | London | United Kingdom | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Other | Current | Serious | Changes to the seasonality of rainfall is likely to mean that London water supply/demand balance will become increasingly precarious, requiring the imposition of more frequent and longer-lasting water restrictions. For example, in early 2012 London experienced a drought. By the spring there were water use restrictions, which ended during the summer with very wet weather. London's population is forecast to grow by approx 3 million more people by 2050. This will increase demand over a period which we need to reduce abstraction, resulting in a projected net deficit of 520m litres per day if no action is taken. The Mayor is working with London's 4 water companies to identify supply and demand management measures to manage the deficit. | 8600000 | 2015 | (51.504858°, -0.078689°) | (55.378051°, -3.435973°) |
| 614 | 3422 | Greater London Authority | London | United Kingdom | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Inadequate or aging infrastructure | Current | Serious | Half of London's water mains pipe infrastructure is over 100 years old and a third is over a 150 years old. London has a high level of leakage with around a quarter of London's water lost. Increased population and heavy rainfall will further burden a drainage system that is in places already at capacity. | 8600000 | 2015 | (51.504858°, -0.078689°) | (55.378051°, -3.435973°) |
| 615 | 3422 | Greater London Authority | London | United Kingdom | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Flooding | Current | Serious | London is vulnerable to tidal, river, surface water, groundwater and sewer flooding. Whilst the risk of tidal flooding is very low, 14,000 properties are at high risk (0.33% annual probability) of fluvial flooding and 140,000 properties are at high risk of surface water flooding. London has experienced localised flooding in 2000, 01, 03, 06, 07, 14 and 16. | 8600000 | 2015 | (51.504858°, -0.078689°) | (55.378051°, -3.435973°) |
| 616 | 31163 | Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality | Istanbul | Turkey | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Increased water stress or scarcity | Medium-term | Serious | Population growth and prolongation of dry season will create pressure on wetar resources. | 14804116 | 2016 | (41.0082°, 28.9784°) | (38.963745°, 35.243322°) |
| 617 | 31163 | Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality | Istanbul | Turkey | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Flooding | Medium-term | Less serious | Anticipated heavy rains will cause flooding. | 14804116 | 2016 | (41.0082°, 28.9784°) | (38.963745°, 35.243322°) |
| 618 | 31163 | Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality | Istanbul | Turkey | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Higher water prices | Long-term | Less serious | Pressures on water resources are expected to increase water prices. | 14804116 | 2016 | (41.0082°, 28.9784°) | (38.963745°, 35.243322°) |
| 619 | 13067 | City of New Orleans | New Orleans | USA | North America | Public | C40 | 2017 | Other | Short-term | Serious | The City experiences a great deal of subsidence and is already largely below sea level. All water must be pumped and therefore flooding is a risk continuously managed. | 391495 | 2017 | (29.9511°, -90.0715°) | (37.09024°, -95.712891°) |
| 620 | 13067 | City of New Orleans | New Orleans | USA | North America | Public | C40 | 2017 | Inadequate or aging infrastructure | Long-term | Serious | The city has aging and very energy dependent water infrastructure. It must be continuously maintained and upgraded. | 391495 | 2017 | (29.9511°, -90.0715°) | (37.09024°, -95.712891°) |
| 621 | 31159 | Alcaldía Metropolitana de Caracas | Caracas | Venezuela | Latin America | Public | C40 | 2017 | Increased water stress or scarcity | Long-term | Serious | As far as climate change increases temperature, risk of water scarcity will be more evident. Venezuela has very large water supply sources, but these are located far from Caracas. A future scenario of water scarcity will oblige water recycle and the development of new water supply systems. | 3518590 | 2015 | (10.4696404°, -66.8037185°) | (6.42375°, -66.58973°) |
| 622 | 31159 | Alcaldía Metropolitana de Caracas | Caracas | Venezuela | Latin America | Public | C40 | 2017 | Inadequate or aging infrastructure | Current | Less serious | Aging infrastructure is already a risk related more to the water treatment plants for drinking water than the aqueduct. This is a risk in common for various cities in Venezuela, and a national plan for infrastructure modernization is being conducted by the national government. | 3518590 | 2015 | (10.4696404°, -66.8037185°) | (6.42375°, -66.58973°) |
| 623 | 35893 | City of Dar es Salaam | Dar es Salaam | United Republic of Tanzania | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Other | Current | Less serious | Demand is higher than supply | 4364541 | 2012 | (-6.792354°, 39.208328°) | (-6.369028°, 34.888822°) |
| 624 | 35893 | City of Dar es Salaam | Dar es Salaam | United Republic of Tanzania | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Other | Current | Serious | Leakage, wastage and contamination of water before reaching consumers | 4364541 | 2012 | (-6.792354°, 39.208328°) | (-6.369028°, 34.888822°) |
| 625 | 31158 | Hanoi City | Hanoi | Vietnam | South Asia and Oceania | Public | C40 | 2017 | Other | Current | Less serious | 7558965 | 2015 | (21.0258°, 105.814607°) | (14.058324°, 108.277199°) | |
| 626 | 31158 | Hanoi City | Hanoi | Vietnam | South Asia and Oceania | Public | C40 | 2017 | Other | Current | Less serious | 7558965 | 2015 | (21.0258°, 105.814607°) | (14.058324°, 108.277199°) | |
| 627 | 31158 | Hanoi City | Hanoi | Vietnam | South Asia and Oceania | Public | C40 | 2017 | Inadequate or aging infrastructure | Current | Serious | It happen in rainy season in the places which the drainage system is not good or overload | 7558965 | 2015 | (21.0258°, 105.814607°) | (14.058324°, 108.277199°) |
| 628 | 1499 | Ajuntament de Barcelona | Barcelona | Spain | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Increased water stress or scarcity | Current | Extremely serious | The downscaling of the climate projections at a local scale developed under the Resilience and Adaptation Plan show that the rainfall reduction can be of 14% per annum in 2100 (RCP 4.5) or 26% (RCP 8.5). Referring to the temperature, it can increase 1.7ºC in 2100 (RCP 4.5) or 3ºC (RCP 8.5). We expect heat waves. | 1608746 | 2016 | (41.382271°, 2.177506°) | (40.463667°, -3.74922°) |
| 629 | 1499 | Ajuntament de Barcelona | Barcelona | Spain | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Declining water quality | Medium-term | Less serious | A reduction in water resources availability can also lead to a deterioration of its quality, for a lower dilution of pollutants effect and / or higher salt intrusion in coastal aquifers duethe increase in sea level (European Environment Agency , 2007) , and this in turn can lead to adifficulties and costs to ensure greater quality urban supplies.The downscaling of the climate projections at a local scale developed under the Resilience and Adaptation Plan show that the rainfall’s intensity will be increased. It can cause dysfunctions in the drainage system and direct discharges to the sea and affect the sea wàter quality. In addition, the increase in sea level can cause dysfunctions in the overflows too. | 1608746 | 2016 | (41.382271°, 2.177506°) | (40.463667°, -3.74922°) |
| 630 | 1499 | Ajuntament de Barcelona | Barcelona | Spain | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Flooding | Current | Less serious | In terms of water supply, rivers floods could affect water catchment facilities. Inside the city, Barcelona could be affected by floods because of lack of drainage capacity in some critical points in lower zones of the city.The downscaling of the climate projections at a local scale developed under the Resilience and Adaptation Plan show that it is expected a Increased rainfall intensity and concentration of extreme events. | 1608746 | 2016 | (41.382271°, 2.177506°) | (40.463667°, -3.74922°) |
| 631 | 31149 | City of Athens | Athens | Greece | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Increased water stress or scarcity | Medium-term | Serious | According to studies, the overall amount of annual rainfall will decrease, meaning that there will be increased stress to the water recipients that provide Athens with water. Drought phenomena will be more frequent due to this change. | 664046 | 2011 | (37.98381°, 23.727539°) | (39.074208°, 21.824312°) |
| 632 | 31149 | City of Athens | Athens | Greece | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Flooding | Medium-term | Serious | Although the annual rainfall is expected to decrease, the days with increased intense rainfall will be more frequent. As a result, there are areas within the City of Athens that will face flood incidents. These need to be dealt with respective measures. | 664046 | 2011 | (37.98381°, 23.727539°) | (39.074208°, 21.824312°) |
| 633 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Increased water stress or scarcity | Current | Extremely serious | The City has generally been able to successfully manage and reduce demand growth, however Cape Town is currently suffering from a drought lasting several years (currently in year 3) which has severely impacted on the City's water storage. Stringent level 3b water restrictions have been put in place to reduce demand further. It is anticipated that in the longer term, water demand will continue to grow and place stress on the supply system. The City is currently conducting cooperative planning with the national Department of Water and Sanitation to ensure that additional water supply infrastructure is constructed to avoid a long-term water deficit in the region. Climate change is expected to change rainfall patterns, and this has been included as a scenario in the planning for future infrastructure. Climate change is expected to reduce rainfall, increase evaporation and increase demand due to increased temperature. The region is known to experience droughts and climate change is likely to make these more intense and frequent. | 4012441 | 2016 | (-33.9253°, 18.4239°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 634 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Increased water stress or scarcity | Current | Extremely serious | (Item is copied multiple times in order that the table in Q9.1 can reflect multiple adaptation actions undertaken for the water scarcity risks) | 4012441 | 2016 | (-33.9253°, 18.4239°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 635 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Increased water stress or scarcity | Current | Extremely serious | (Item is copied multiple times in order that the table in Q9.1 can reflect multiple adaptation actions undertaken for the water scarcity risks) | 4012441 | 2016 | (-33.9253°, 18.4239°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 636 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Increased water stress or scarcity | Current | Extremely serious | (Item is copied multiple times in order that the table in Q9.1 can reflect multiple adaptation actions undertaken for the water scarcity risks) | 4012441 | 2016 | (-33.9253°, 18.4239°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 637 | 35858 | City of Cape Town | Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Increased water stress or scarcity | Current | Extremely serious | (Item is copied multiple times in order that the table in Q 9.1 can reflect multiple adaptation actions undertaken for the water scarcity risks) | 4012441 | 2016 | (-33.9253°, 18.4239°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 638 | 35863 | City of Durban | Durban | South Africa | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Inadequate or aging infrastructure | Long-term | Serious | Vulnerability of the Central Sewage Treatment Works. | 3700000 | 2016 | (-29.8586804°, 31.0218404°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) |
| 639 | 35863 | City of Durban | Durban | South Africa | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Inadequate or aging infrastructure | Serious | aging infrastructure and a growing population requiring servicing mean that wastewater incursions into water supply are becoming more frequent with serious water quality impacts. | 3700000 | 2016 | (-29.8586804°, 31.0218404°) | (-30.559482°, 22.937506°) | |
| 640 | 31167 | City of Lagos | Lagos | Nigeria | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Flooding | Current | Serious | Damage to property, Loss of infrastructure and Human Life,Disruption of economic activities. | 21000000 | 2017 | (6.524379°, 3.379206°) | (9.081999°, 8.675277°) |
| 641 | 31167 | City of Lagos | Lagos | Nigeria | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Inadequate or aging infrastructure | Current | Serious | Reduction in quantity of water available for domestic, industrial and commercial use.Over abstraction of ground water from aquifers | 21000000 | 2017 | (6.524379°, 3.379206°) | (9.081999°, 8.675277°) |
| 642 | 31167 | City of Lagos | Lagos | Nigeria | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Declining water quality | Current | Serious | Release of untreated wastewater from industries into lagoons and lakesSome amounts of wastes and plastics finds its way to rivers, lakes and lagoons | 21000000 | 2017 | (6.524379°, 3.379206°) | (9.081999°, 8.675277°) |
| 643 | 31167 | City of Lagos | Lagos | Nigeria | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Water losses | Current | Extremely serious | Wastewater treatment plants available are not sufficient to treat wastewater for the whole city | 21000000 | 2017 | (6.524379°, 3.379206°) | (9.081999°, 8.675277°) |
| 644 | 31167 | City of Lagos | Lagos | Nigeria | Africa | Public | C40 | 2017 | Water losses | Medium-term | Extremely serious | Mismanagement of water resources such as leaking taps could lead to scarcity of water availability | 21000000 | 2017 | (6.524379°, 3.379206°) | (9.081999°, 8.675277°) |
| 645 | 14088 | City of Oslo | Oslo | Norway | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Increased water stress or scarcity | Long-term | Extremely serious | Oslo is in a vulnerable position as it experiences a period of high population growth with increasing water supply demands, at the same time it is dependent on few water sources. 90% of Oslo's drinking water is supplied from one source (Lake Maridalen) and one water treatment plant (Oset). The remaining 10% comes from another nearby lake/treatment plan (Lake Elvåga/Skullerud) In addition periods of drought in summer might affect the capacity of water supply. A risk assessment for water supply is on-going, so awaits improved information on this topic. | 658390 | 2016 | (59.9138688°, 10.7522454°) | (60.472024°, 8.468946°) |
| 646 | 14088 | City of Oslo | Oslo | Norway | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Declining water quality | Long-term | Serious | Increased temperatures and heavy rain will increase pollution of water. A risk assessment for water supply is on-going, so awaits improved information on this topic. | 658390 | 2016 | (59.9138688°, 10.7522454°) | (60.472024°, 8.468946°) |
| 647 | 31175 | City of Paris | Paris | France | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Increased water stress or scarcity | Long-term | Serious | Only in conditions of more frequent and intense droughts + changes in rainfall patterns in the second part of the 21st century. | 2265886 | 2015 | (48.856614°, 2.3522219°) | (46.227638°, 2.213749°) |
| 648 | 31175 | City of Paris | Paris | France | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Declining water quality | Short-term | Serious | There are already problems of water quality ongoing, however this risk might be enhanced in the long term if less water is available. | 2265886 | 2015 | (48.856614°, 2.3522219°) | (46.227638°, 2.213749°) |
| 649 | 31175 | City of Paris | Paris | France | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Flooding | Current | Serious | Risks of flooding for Paris would be very serious, however, the climate change impact on the occurrence and intensity of flooding for Paris is not obvious. | 2265886 | 2015 | (48.856614°, 2.3522219°) | (46.227638°, 2.213749°) |
| 650 | 3429 | City of Stockholm | Stockholm | Sweden | Europe | Public | C40 | 2017 | Declining water quality | Medium-term | Less serious | Increased risk of contaminated drinking water. The city's water will require more treatments when the water is contaminated with higher concentrations of algae and particles. | 923516 | 2015 | (59.3293235°, 18.0685808°) | (60.128161°, 18.643501°) |
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CDP’s new infographic report ‘Who’s tackling urban water challenges’, produced in partnership with AECOM, the global infrastructure firm, and funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies, shows the first and most comprehensive dataset of global water action by cities and companies produced to date. Using information gathered from 569 cities and 1,432 companies, each reporting their water management activity, it illustrates how global cities and companies are responding to the escalating challenge of climate change and urban population growth.
The cities most concerned about their water supply lie in Asia and Oceania (84%); with serious risks also identified in Africa (80%) and Latin America (75%). 63% of North American cities deem climate change a risk to water supply, with fewer cities concerned in Europe (34%). 196 cities reported risks of water stress and scarcity; 132 a risk of declining water quality and 103 a risk of flooding.
Explore how cities and companies are acting on water, the CDP infographic report ‘Who’s in charge of Water Governance’, with case studies and full data is available at www.cdp.net/cities.
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